British Management Theory and Practice the Impact of Fayol

Ian Smith, Trevor Boyns, (2005),†British management theory and practice: the impact of Fayol†, Management Decision, Vol. 43 Iss: 10 pp. 1317 – 1334 This paper re-examines the impact of Fayol’s work on theory and practice of management in Britain, first, in the interwar period and second, in the post-war period of 1945 to the late 1960s. Lyndall Urwick, a respected British management thinker and writer described Fayol as â€Å"the most distinguished figure which Europe contributed to the management movement up to the end of the first half of the present century†(Smith I, Boyns T, 2005) in Urwick’s publishes and translated speeches.Urwick supported Fayol’s general principles of management ensuring an influence on post-war British management theories known as the neoclassical school during the 1950s. Fayol’s principles took place among theories within scientific management bundle which offered an intelligent inputs coupled to a genui ne belief in industrial efficiency. Further research into British management practice during that era, Fayol’s influence proved problematic due to the emphasis of British management on pragmatism and narrow focus on control which allowed little, if any, accommodation for Fayol’s model.Twenty years or so after Second World War, Fayol’s impact, especially after Urwick’s intervention, was on management theory however not management practice. Since 1970, the focus of management thinking had turned away from the functions of management towards to understanding management and managing through an examination of what managers do. This article concludes whether Henri Fayol’s contribution is relevant today. This suggests that the history academics realized his work had significantly contributed to the study in management today, and Fayol’s ideas continued to be more influential in the realm of theory than practice in Britain.

Songs Of Innocence And Experience English Literature Essay

Blake considers, that tellurian human life is a manner of psyche from A ­ Eternity and back in Eternity. The psyche apparels in a flesh for the tellurian being. It holds in recollection Eternity, that is Innocence. But the got Knowledge deforms, obscures this memory. On the other manus, tellurian being, harmonizing to Emmanuel Swedenborg ‘s philosophy is reflection of that occurs in Eternity. Blake the thought non merely every bit philosophical footing uses this. It applies it as A ­ an artistic touch. Therefore in each verse form the dual sense is hidden. When Blake describes a rural landscape, games A ­ of kids, a pray in St. Paul ‘s A ­cathedral, it invariably reminds, that it is a inquiry non of simple day-to-day A ­ events, and about the Eternal Life. Echoes of this Ageless Life we, mortal, can catch, fondling the babe or pressing N µNˆN?N‚N? a lamb. If we possess though to some extent ability of godly vision. Thankss to this implied sense field A ­ kids ‘s poetries turn to serious A ­ philosophical merchandise. At this clip Blake it is unbounded trusts in ? ±? »? °N?N‚N?N‚N? and clemency of the God. The God is a unvarying and alone good beginning, and the Human Son – the Christ – the invariable curate and the guardian A ­ of people. Blake divided Swedenborg ‘s sights which rejected the construct of the Sacred Trinity. Swedenborg asserted, that the God is unvarying, the God has merely condescended for some clip for the Earth in image Jesus Christ. On the other manus, harmonizing to Swedenborg ‘s philosophy, the interior universe of the individual is at the same time and the universe heavenly. The love, compassion, attention about near are â€Å" conformance † to that occurs in the Sky, that is conformance to the God. Each of us is the smallest A ­ similarity of the Sky, or A «the Sacred imageA » . As effect the Eternity as a fusion is good fortune accomplishable non merely out of tellurian being. It can be found in a shower of everyo ne person, concluded in a animal screen, but merely if the psyche keeps true spiritualty, or Innocence. But a existent tellurian life – a valley non merely pleasures, but besides sorrows. A «Songs of InnocenceA » are full every bit both pleasances, A ­ and agonies – both that and another an kernel necessary parts A ­ of a Godhead Craft. The psyche rejoices, for shops memory of A ­ Eternity, but the flesh is doomed to endure. A «Songs of InnocenceA » describe A ­ both merriment, and a heartache, However light motivations prevail in images of a rhythm: A «Songs of InnocenceA » speak about happyA ­ and sorrowless A «a status of psyche humanA » , about A ­ Godhead protection, about spiritualty of the tellurian universe. Creation A «Songs of InnocenceA » has been finished in 1789. At that clip Blake believed this rhythm the finished merchandise. However in five old ages he has created a new rhythm A «Songs of ExperienceA » which has been united together with A «Songs of InnocenceA » in built-in merchandise A «Songs of Innocence and Experience Proving the Two Contrary States of the Human SoulA » . By this clip at Blake sights at the universe have radically changed. Assortment of the grounds has caused this alteration, in peculiar, letdown in the Gallic Revolution and a backdown from thoughts of Emmanuel Swedenborg. Early sights Blake can be defined conditionally as â€Å" Christian † , and it is possible to call its new construct â€Å" natural † . In what consists it A « naturalA » ? The poet at an early phase about focused all attending to extraterrestrial being of psyche and on idyllic Eternity. Echoes of this Eternity can be observed in some tellurian shows. The Divine, nevertheless, has been separated A ­from tellurian plenty by an accurate side. Achievement A ­ of full harmoniousness, a religious ideal likely merely in Eternity, and the tellurian life is held down by a flesh and accordingly is A ­ a valley of sorrows and cryings. By composing clip A «Songs of ExperienceA » Blake has well changed the point of position. Now it transfers the attending to a tellurian A ­ world. Terrestrial heartaches do non do in it more thought on retribution in the hereafter. The protest alternatively ripens: the life could be ideal A ­ and on the Earth, but the Earth is burd ened by â€Å" religious fettersA » which are necessary for dumping. In this instance there will be A «a returning A ­ of the EarthA » , that is earthly Eden coming. Poem A «The Chimney SweeperA » is a typical illustration of polemic Blake of times A «Songs of InnocenceA » with Blake times A «Songs of ExperienceA » . Heroes of two verse forms are similar to the indistinguishable name among themselves, but in the first the little chimney expanse is unfortunate because of the adversity, in the 2nd – is capable to prove pleasance reverse to them. In the first it finds a solace in the God let go ofing it from â€Å" casket † of a tellurian life, in the 2nd – is dressed in â€Å" shroud † on the Earth by the God ( is more exact, the God-fearing parents ) is doomed to agonies. Accusatory poignancy is every bit strong in both verse forms, but in everyone it sounds in ain manner: in the first – the felicity is possible merely in celestial spheres as atonement of tellurian heartaches, in the 2nd – the felicity would be possible and on the Earth if non ferociousness A ­ of bing uses. THE CHIMNEY SWEEPER ( Songs of Innocence ) When my female parent died I was really immature, And my male parent sold me while yet my lingua, Could barely cry weep weep weep weep. So your chimneys I sweep & amp ; in carbon black I sleep. Theres small Tom Dacre, who cried when his caput That curi ‘d wish a lambs back, was shav ‘d, so I said, Hush Tom ne'er mind it, for when your caput ‘s bare, You know that the carbon black can non botch your white hair. And so he was quiet, & A ; that really dark, As Tom was a sleeping he had such a sight, That 1000s of sweepers Dick, Joe, Ned & A ; Jack Were all of them lock ‘d up in caskets of black, And by came an Angel who had a bright key, And he unfastened ‘d the caskets & A ; set them all free. Then down a green field jumping express joying they run And wash in a river & A ; radiance in the Sun. Then naked & A ; white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and athletics in the air current. And the Angel told Tom, if he ‘d be a good male child, He ‘d hold God for his male parent & A ; ne'er want joy. And so Tom awoke and we rose in the dark And got with our bags & A ; our coppices to work. Tho ‘ the forenoon was cold, Tom was happy & A ; warm. So if all do their responsibility, they need non fear injury. THE CHIMNEY SWEEPER ( Songs of Experience ) A small black thing among the snow: Shouting weep, weep, in notes of suffering! Where are thy male parent & A ; mother? state? They are both gone up to the church to pray. Because I was happy upon the heath, And smil ‘d among the winters snow: They clothed me in the apparels of decease, And taught me to sing the notes of suffering. And because I am happy, & A ; dance & A ; sing, They think they have done me no hurt: And are gone to praise God & A ; his Priest & A ; King Who make up a Eden of our wretchedness. The universe is conceived as made, but the spirit human stays A ­in a prevarication and pretension trap: it is new doctrine Blake. The poet already non the shepherd-boy with a pipe, as in A «Songs of InnocenceA » .IntroductionShrieking down the vale wild Piping vocals of pleasant hilarity On a cloud I saw a kid. And he express joying said to me. Shriek a vocal about a Lamb: So I piped with merry chear, Piper pipe that vocal once more – So I piped, he wept to hear. Drop thy pipe thy happy pipe Sing thy vocals of happy chear, So I sung the same once more While he wept with joy to hear. Piper sit thee down and compose In a book that all may read – So he vanish ‘d from my sight, And I pluck ‘d a hollow reed. And I made a rural pen, And I stain ‘d the H2O clear, And I wrote my happy vocals, Every kid may rejoice to hear The new Poet is a Bard, clairvoyant, the prophesier. Its job – A ­ to demo to people a manner to spirit glade.THE VOICE OF THE ANCIENT BARDYoung person of delight semen hither, And see the gap forenoon, Image of truth new born. Doubt is fled & amp ; clouds of ground, Dark disputes & A ; disingenuous teazing. Folly is an eternal labyrinth. Tangled roots perplex her ways, How many have fallen at that place! They stumble all dark over castanetss of the dead: And experience they know non what but attention: And wish to take others when they should be led. The new phase of religious manner Blake is connected with crisp turn Swedenborg ‘s thoughts down. Blake has seen them from the new party. Blake Markss in spiritual swedenborgian doctrine its nonreversible kernel, bigotry, the passiveness discourse. Swedenborg wrote, that the individual religious is the individual obedient to the God. Blake foremost was wholly agree with this statement, but so it had uncertainties in illustriousness and justness of the God. The God became for Blake a absolutism embodimentA ­ .  µÃ‚ µÃ‚ ±Nˆ tested to explicate an interior universe through constructs A ­ of a material universe. Thus the material universe was reduced to a pale A ­copy of the all right and perfect universe heavenly. Blake, holding crossed through tenet of Swedenborg, has resolutely rejected distinction of the stuff and religious universes. He asserted, that true spiritualty is put in pawn in the Nature and merely waits A ­ for the Apocalypse, rebellion against godly co nstitutions A ­ to be shown in full force. In A «Experience SongsA » NN there is one of figures Blake ‘s mythologies – God Urizen ( compare Your Reason ) . Urizen is the incarnation of conventional ground and jurisprudence which resist to liberate, free Imagination. Urizen is depicted in Blake ‘s watercoloured etching â€Å" The Ancient of Days † . The brace A «Imagination – ReasonA » – merely a portion of a concatenation A ­ of contrasts which penetrates all rhythm and sets its nonliteral system: Light – Dark, Good – Angrily, the Life – Death, the Youth – the Old age, the Man ‘s get downing – the Female beginning, free love – suppression of desires etc. Blake counterposes his â€Å" Contraries † to Swedenborg ‘s thought of equilibrium. â€Å" Without Contraries is no patterned advance † , says Blake. â€Å" Attraction and Repulsion, Reason and Energy, Love and Hate are necessary to Human being. † The opposite beginnings are impossible one without another, but therefore Blake accepted for positive A ­remain positive, and accepted for negative – negative throughout all rhythm, in any context, and it in many respects helps to decode symbols of Blake. THE HUMAN ABSTRACT Pity would be no more. If we did non do person Poor: And Mercy no more could be, If all were every bit happy as we: And common fright brings peace: Till the selfish loves addition. Then Cruelty knits a trap, And distribute his come-ons with attention. He sits down with holy frights, And waters the land with cryings: Then Humility takes its root Underneath his pes. Soon spreads the blue shadiness Of Mystery over his caput ; And the Catterpiller and Fly, Feed on the Mystery. And it bears the fruit of Deceit, Ruddy and sweet to eat: And the Raven his nest has made In its thickest shadiness. The Gods of the Earth and sea, Sought through Nature to happen this Tree, But their hunt was all in vain ; There grows one in the Human Brain. This verse form ( brace to A «THE DIVINE IMAGEA » from the first rhythm ) – cardinal for apprehension of philosophical system A «A ­ Experience SongsA » . Here Kindly, the Tolerance, the World, Love become a constituent of the unnatural societal constitutions A ­ bing in land Urizen, – that is the philosophical construct A «Innocence SongsA » is wholly discredited. Having shown falseness and lip service of the basic virtuousnesss of Innocence, Blake builds new fable of private universe of the individual in which footing the image of the Tree lays favourite it. It from Fear and Humility – holier-than-thou humbleness of a lamb ( compare a verse form â€Å" Lily † ) grows and shortly spreads a glooming hag of Belief, that is unnatural, far-fetched faith which feeds the Caterpillar and a Moth, churchmans being here symbols. At last, the Tree brings the Deceit fruit, that is lie and pretension A ­ ( therefore it is sweet ) , and on the Tree there is a Raven – a decease symbol. Such see BlakeN? private universe of the individual and A ­ a religious manner of the world which has been held down ironss of U rizen. In last A ­ stanza it is underlined, that A «gods of the sea and the earthA » , that is wildlife, unvarying with Imagination, could non happen this Tree as there is it in a human encephalon and cultivates him Urizen – inert, non originative Reason. THE DIVINE IMAGE To Mercy Pity Peace and Love, All pray in their hurt: And to these virtuousnesss of delectation Return their gratefulness. For Mercy Pity Peace and Love, Is God our male parent beloved: And Mercy Pity Peace and Love, Is Man his kid and attention. For Mercy has a human bosom Pity, a human face: And Love, the human signifier Godhead, And Peace, the human frock. Then every adult male of every climate, That prays in his hurt, Prays to the human signifier Godhead Love Mercy Pity Peace. And all must love the human signifier, In pagan, Turk or Jew. Where Mercy, Love & A ; Pity dwell, There God is brooding excessively. In this verse form, cardinal for A « Songs of Innocence, in the most distinguishable form the basic thought of a rhythm appears: the human nature is godly. The individual and the God is one thing. Loving the individual, we love besides the God, in the God we love Its humanity. Here the basic, cardinal virtuousnesss of the universe of â€Å" Innocence SongsA » are straight named: Good, Tolerance, the World, Love, every bit of import as for a life terrestrial, and heavenly. These virtuousnesss in the â€Å" perfect † signifier exist in celestial spheres, and in the â€Å" reflected † sort ( harmonizing to A «to the philosophy about conformityA » ) are given people, and the people transporting in the Sacred Image, should portion them with each other. The true Christian – the 1 who professes Good, Tolerance, the World, Love, that is that who creates an image of Eternity on the Earth, and in this sense there is no differentiation between the states and faiths ( comparison at Swedenborg: A « To the individual professing love to approach, a manner on the Sky it is opened irrespective of its tellurian faith – the belief is learnt non by faith. Any individual carry oning a life moral and religious, comprises the Sky A » ) . Harmonizing to new sights Blake, the manner to A «returning of the EarthA ­A » lays through release of desires ( first of all – loveA ­ ) which are connected Reason ‘s ironss – Urizen In a triumph A ­ of natural aspirations – both fleshes, and spirit- . Blake sees the Imagination jubilation, falling of â€Å" religious fettersA » . The tellurian, A ­ animal life with natural spiritualty ab initio built-in in it becomes for Blake the new ideal lifting to the topographic point of A ­ idyllic Eternity. However in the bulk of verse forms â€Å" Songs of A ­ Experience A » it is a inquiry of suppression of natural inherent aptitudes A ­ or about penalty for their show, from here – terrible, A ­ sometimes acrimonious and hopeless tone of this rhythm. In A «Experience SongsA » , surely, acerb plenty, A ­ â€Å" satirical † leer over light, beaming – and A ­ perfectly unlikely – the universe of â€Å" Songs of Innocence A » contains, A ­A ­ and in this sense the 2nd rhythm bears on itself the letdown imperativeness. However it non is letdown in a life in general, more likely, A ­ letdown in former ideals. However, to state, that Blake A ­ wholly rejects the former representations, would be A ­ hyperbole: he names the former vision â€Å" nonreversible † , the thoughts â€Å" limited † , but wholly non wrong. Experience A ­ does non deny Innocence, but takes off to it a modest topographic point of one of facets of assortment of the universe. Blake shows, that Mildness is impossible without Violence, Mercy without Suffering, Pleasure without Grief, and Good without Harm. A «Skilled A ­ InnocenceA » , uniting cleanliness with release of desires, A ­ holiness with absenc e of pretension and lip service, natural A ­A «divine visionA » with the got knowledge becomes ideal BlakeA ­A ­A ­ . In a word, Experience assumes wider and diverse A ­ image of the universe including Innocence as one of two tantamount – and equal in rights – the parties, each of which A ­ is every bit necessary, that is why is sacred. However the basic idea of a rhythm however consists that in land of Urizen of virtuousness of Innocence reasonably frequently A ­ turn to the contrasts. For this ground so A ­ unconditionally discredits Blake Kindly, Tolerance, the World, Love which become symbols of prevarication, lip service and pretension so ruthlessly onslaughts clemencies and faith which are the grounds of cryings and agonies. While there are A «spiritual A ­ fettersA » , idyll is unaccessible, but after falling of these hobbles Paradise is possible and on the Earth for the Nature, as a affair of fact, and is that ? ­Ã‚ µ which will transport out finally all human desires. A «Experience songsA » sing scolded, but non killed beauty A ­ of a tellurian life, individuality of the Nature and the God – merely in such sense and it is necessary to understand them A «naturalA » . Its book A «The Marriage of Heaven and HellA » , ( 1790 ) became the pronunciamento of â€Å" natural † sights Blake. Difficultly plenty with truth to specify a genre of this merchandise is at the same time both the philosophical treatise, and the arch of apothegms, and a verse form in prose: doubtless, Blake meaningly A ­ tried to imitate bible stylistics. It is devoted polemic with A ­ initial Christianity, no less than with Swedenborg sights. Developing A «theomachicA » the tradition traveling in the English A ­ literature from J. Milton ( from its verse form A «Lost ParadiseA » , 1667 ) , Blake declares insolvent the standard Christian construct of Good and Harm. Kind ( Sky ) Sung in A «A ­ Innocence SongsA ­A » and represented by Christian faith as proceeding from the God and, therefore, is alone good, becomes at Blake inactive, all-accepting, that is why non originative, non the capable beginning to development ; on the contrary, rebellious Harm ( Hell ) sees to it the get downing active, making for it, interrupting traditional A ­ representations, moves development. The good personifies A ­ religious stagnancy, and Harm – throwings and spirit battles without which A ­thought motion is impossible. Jehovah appears in a verse form as a terrible, despotic divinity A ­ and it is really identified with Urizen. The Satan, A ­ on the contrary, is shown as the picker, the combatant bodying A ­ the Poetic Genius. Breaking Christianity canons, Blake the Christ, tries to turn out, that more likely, belonged to party of the Satan for was guided by Imagination and preferred to follow the desires and suggestions, alternatively of the imposed tenet. The imaginativeness which Blake considers as the higher ability of the individual, doubtless, starts with the Hell. The sky personifies an order, reason, bigotry ; the Imagination is held down by nil, chaotically and perfectly irrationally. Traditional Harm A ­ becomes in A « The Marriage†¦ A » A symbol of religious freedom, originative A ­ energy, reformative the universe, and traditional Good – A ­ a passiveness and bigotry symbol. However Blake remains it is true to the A ­ dialectics and asserts, that two antonyms are huffy about each other and merely their coexistence, â€Å" a matrimony † behaviors to original spiritualty. The 2nd major inquiry A « The Marriage†¦ A » is a inquiry of integrity of psyche and a organic structure. Blake rejects supported of Swedenborg traditional representations about a organic structure as A «sinful fleshA ­A » ( i.e. Harm ) and to a shower as NN‚? µ? »NN† ? µ A ­ Godhead fire ( i.e. Good ) . Marrying A ­ occurs non merely in a existence, but besides in each of the person: psyche and a flesh – are unvarying. Blake asserts, that A «All Live – Is sacredA » , that is the material universe non merely is a pale A ­ transcript of the universe heavenly, it is arrogant and self-sufficing, that is why is in ain manner perfect. The psyche does non be individually from a flesh as the flesh is so sacred, every bit good as psyche ; and therefore animal desires are wholly non iniquitous ( as confirms the Sky ) , on the contrary, sinfully their suppression. In release of a flesh A ­ which will do release of spirit, Blake sees a m anner to a cleansing Apocalypse, to falling of Kingdom Urizen. Surely, the care A «Sky and Hell WeddingA » A ­ is non settled at all by these general commissariats. This hard A ­ and deep philosophical merchandise written in A ­ feature for Blake an allegorical, nonliteral mode. He did non draw a bead on to simplicity for affairs about which it narrated A ­- common dealingss of Good and Harm, the Person and the God, – do non endure simplification, but the thoughtful reader can non acquire into an kernel of its doctrine and to track, at least partially, a thought class A «great visioneryA » . The period Blake ‘s battle against God with its defiance, A ­ all-rejection and maximalism has appeared shortA ­ . It was followed by deep crisis and – as its consequence A ­- a long silence, full refusal of the publication of the merchandises. Religious crisis has returned Blake to believe on the God, on Innocence, but already in its other understanding. Now it considers creative activity of a material universe as a constituent and direct consequence of Fall from what follows, that the flesh is inherently opposite to a religious A ­substance and, therefore, is ab initio iniquitous. The particular topographic point among Blake ‘s merchandises of this period A ­ occupies a verse form â€Å" The Mental Traveller † ( written apprx. 1800 ) . It some sort of the religious autobiography of the poet and at the same time religious life of world. Blake describes beginning, a jubilation and diminution of any thought and A ­ in analogue shows, how its ain sights developed and changed. A « Songs of Innocence and Experience A » – it is the widest a known portion Blake ‘s heritages. They give full plenty, but far non thorough representation about creativeness of this A ­ singular maestro. It would be desirable to trust, that finally A ­ the Russian reader will pull off to acquire acquainted more full with A ­ a heritage of the great poet-seer which has in many respects anticipated A ­ the farther development of poesy, and human idea as a whole. Auguries of Artlessness â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † by William Blake occupy a particular topographic point in his work. This piece dates from 1801-1803 old ages and conventionally related to the 2nd period of his poesy. This old ages new religious quest Blake, when it replaced the idealistic, the realistic temper of the yesteryear comes an wholly new construct of peace, based on – perceptual experiences of world in the integrity of all its contradictory facets. It is hard to find the genre of the work. At first familiarity it seems that in â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † is no definite secret plan line, they seem merely axiomatic fragments, in no manner linked. As one of the most complex and original phenomena of European literature, â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † is an organic portion of the artistic universe of Blake. Understanding of this work can non be outside the context of the poet. The chief job that confronts a author, stated in the rubric of the verse form – â€Å" Auguries of Innocence. † In Blake ‘s Artlessness does non be apart from cognition, these mutual oppositions are non negate each other, all co-exist in integrity. It was this thought ( the combination of incompatible ) tends to reflect the poet in his work. Poem â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † was preceded by a rhythm of verse forms â€Å" Songs of Innocence and ExperienceA » , which shows really clearly the dialectical vision of the universe poet. â€Å" The significance of the book – the thought of continuity of human religious experience, his unity, †¦ amalgamation in some higher synthesis inherent in the personality of the birth of † artlessness, pureness – and all the inevitable edification of each are far from being ideal. â€Å" It is poesy, â€Å" where the universe is comprehended in the brushs, the higher harmoniousness of the ageless and intolerable societal dissection, the current of his being, at the intersections of mutual oppositions. † ( 4, 28 ) , and these mutual oppositions of artlessness and cognition do non contradict each other, everything is interconnected, everything exists in integrity. â€Å" We can non reject one another glorified, because everything in life is inextricably intertwined. † ( 5, 19 ) The same perceptual experience of contrast we see in â€Å" Auguries of Innocence. † But Blake infinite assortment of this dialectic battle of creative activity and devastation. His images are continuously germinating. From this diverseness, at first glimpse, a simple manner that makes it hard to understand. ( 12, 171 ) Start â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † with lines that are most frequently quoted when mentioning to the name of William Blake, with the lines have become a pronunciamento of English Romanticism: To see a World in a grain of sand, And a Heaven in a wild flower, Hold Infinity in the thenar of your manus, And Eternity in an hr. ( 1, 324 ) No accident that this stanza reminds one of the first. It expressed the cardinal rule of Blake. Here we are speaking about the position of the internal and external. In each grain of sand, the writer seeks to spot a contemplation of the religious kernel, the desire for direct acclivity from a individual, private experiences to the boundlessly broad, cosmopolitan generalisations. And it was called a adult male with imaginativeness. Center of the complex artistic universe of Blake is the adult male. Man is heaven and Earth, snake pit and Eden and all the phenomena of the universe at the same time. The poet says: Thou art a Man: God is no more: Thy ain Humanity learn to adore, For that is My spirit of life. ( The Everlasting Gospel ) This is Imagination is what helps to throw off the bonds of an enslaved spirit, unleash the perceptual experience, â€Å" see infinity in one minute. † The value of free imaginativeness – the chief thought of the following path: A redbreast robin in a coop Puts all Heaven in a fury. A dove-house fill ‘d with doves & A ; pigeons Frissons Hell thro ‘ all its parts. The same thought is found in the â€Å" Proverbs of Hell † , from â€Å" The Marriage of Heaven and Hell † , which reads: † You ne'er know what is adequate unless you know what is more than plenty. † Here Blake negotiations about the human right to fulfill all their desires. Enslavement reinforces the subjugation of ground over imaginativeness. Blake defends the right of speculative homo believing which refuses to set any boundary lines. Humility Blake – the greatest perversion of human nature. â€Å" Blake hated it, because it means the forfeit of the God within adult male, the wickedness against the Holy Ghost. Forced humbleness is religious slaying. Persons should ne'er the subjected to Urizen ‘s â€Å" One Law for the Lion & A ; Ox † ( The Marriage of Heaven and Hell ) . Humility is â€Å" the fast one of antediluvian Elf † ( The Everlasting Gospel ) . † [ S. Foster Damon. A Blake lexicon: the thoughts and symbols of Wil liam Blake ] The jurisprudence of all development is a battle. This is an thought the poet is in a self-contradictory signifier of â€Å" Proverbs of Hell † we find the undermentioned lines: â€Å" Sooner slaying an baby in its cradle than nurse unacted desires † , and â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † image â€Å" a redbreast in a coop † , embodies the reticent desire, poison the psyche of adult male. No demand to seek to acquire rid of enticement, merely traveling through the full emancipation can see the truth, because â€Å" he who desires but acts non, strains plague. † A Canis familiaris starv ‘d at his maestro ‘s gate Predicts the ruin of the State. A Equus caballus misus ‘d upon the route Calls to Heaven for human blood. Each call of the hunted hare A fiber from the encephalon does rupture. In these lines there is a symbolic image of England and the universe. William Blake created at the junction of era, it is non surprising that in his work, he tried to reflect and understand the events that took topographic point at that minute in his state and worldwide. The first efforts to look as early in the rhythm â€Å" Songs of Experience † that would subsequently slop over into the creative activity of such infinite verse forms as â€Å" Visions of the Daughters of Albion, † ( 1791 ) , â€Å" Europe a Prophecy † ( 1794 ) , â€Å" America a Prophecy â€Å" ( 1791 ) . Blake is really excited by the destiny of the state, and he tried to happen the causes of catastrophes and catastrophes, which was torn apart by England. He compares it to Babylon, where the thought of equality replaced by an attitude of a retainer ( the images of a Canis familiaris and beaten Equus caballuss ) and the proprietor, and the rule of freedom – the system of captivity of t he moral and societal. That ‘s what England Blake says in the verse form â€Å" London † from â€Å" Songs of Innocence and Experience † : I wander thro ‘ each charter ‘d street, Near where the charter ‘d Thames does flux, And grade in every face I meet Marks of failing, Markss of suffering. In every call of every Man, In every Infant ‘s call of fright, In every voice, in every prohibition, The mind-forg ‘d cuff I hear. How the Chimney-sweeper ‘s call Every black'ning Church appalls ; And the hapless Soldier ‘s suspiration Runs in blood down Palace walls. But most thro ‘ midnight streets I hear How the vernal Harlot ‘s expletive Blasts the new born Infant ‘s tear, And blights with pestilences the Marriage hearse. Cruel rationalism penetrated all domains of life, and societal and religious. Blake bitterly remarked: â€Å" The enquiry in England is, non whether a adult male has endowments and mastermind, but whether he is inactive and polite, and a virtuous buttocks, and obedient to Lords ‘s sentiments in art and scientific discipline. If he is, he is a good adult male ; if non, he must be starved. â€Å" [ Alexander Gilchrist, Anne Gilchrist. Life of William Blake ( 1880 ) , Volume 1 ] . In such a society a adult male is like â€Å" hunted hare. â€Å" Coarse rational head thwart any efforts of imaginativeness. It is inactive, the quest for the empyreal – unclaimed. A Alauda arvensis wounded in the wing, A cherubim does discontinue to sing. A Alauda arvensis here – Imagination in the clasp of Urizen. The image of Urizen appears in the ulterior plants of the poet. This mythology of Blake ‘s character, embodies the head ( your ground ) . Every wolf ‘s and lion'showl Raises from Hell a Human psyche. â€Å" The Wolf and the Lion † regarded as symbols of power of England. At Blake they become emblems of stiffness of a deceasing era. On anticipates the devastation of Babylon and the coming land of ageless Jerusalem. Empire is no more! And now the king of beasts & A ; wolf shall discontinue – says concluding â€Å" Marriage†¦ â€Å" The wild cervid, rolling here and at that place, Keeps the Human psyche from attention.

Why has the UK's productivity lagged behind that of its major Article

Why has the UK's productivity lagged behind that of its major competitors and what can be done to improve the productivity and competitiveness of the UK economy - Article Example A person such as the Exchequer Gordon Brown’s UK Chancellor, in his speeches, productivity is his main theme. However, despite the fact that UK is lagging, it is far much at the forefront in terms of labor and capital markets structural amendments. To come up to the analysis that UK’s productivity is low, examination of the economy’s six sectors took place and the results indicated that it’s true that output was low. Those sectors examined are; car production, retailing software, telecoms, food processing and hotels. McKinsey Global Institute a global most highly regarded management consulting firm is the one that conducted the research regarding the matter. UK should address several issues to increase its output. One of the major concerns is increasing expenditure to boost high levels of research and development and reducing diversion of resources towards the public sector which is less productive. It is vital for the state to increase its level of investment despite the fact that the Crash of Lehman Brothers led damaged the country’s economy in the year 2008 because many other firms held off from investing in the modern, most efficient technology and processes. Businesses should enhance their levels of innovation, come up with good labor relations, improve their technology usage and adopt modern technology to ensure that businesses stay for long in their field. The government should come up with extra reforms in its business regulations in order to boost investment thus increasing productivity of the

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Islam - Essay Example Sufis are not an ethnic or religious group. Sufism is a mystical movement in the Islamic world. The group was formed to counterweigh the increasing worldliness in the Muslim empire. The group was important in fighting rigid legalism in the orthodox religious leadership. Sufism searches for the direct mystical knowledge of divine love and knowledge. The group seeks to progress beyond mere intellectual knowledge into mystical experiences. Sufism has an important role in the formation of Muslim societies through educating masses and channeling their emotions. They are also important in that they have converted new regions into Islam. There are five pillar of Islam. The first pillar of Islam is the profession of faith. Muslims recite the creed as a way of bearing witness in the union of the faith. The creed is the profound statement that expresses a Muslim’s acceptance and absolute commitment to the Islamic faith. Prayer is the second pillar of Islam. The faith insists that the in dividual must have direct relationship with God. Salah can be performed alone. However, it is considered meritorious to perform Salah with a group. It is also permissible to pray at home and work. It is preferable to perform the Salah in a mosque. Zakat The third arm is almsgiving. The social responsibility is viewed as a divine duty in the Islamic service. Zakat prescribes the payment of the fixed proportions of the possessions of Muslims for the welfare of the less fortunate and the entire community (Ibrahim, 1997). The equivalent of 2.5 percent of a Muslim’s net worth should fall under this pillar in terms of commitment to the faith. This excludes family expenses and obligations. Sawm Fasting in the month of Ramadan is the fourth pillar of Islam. The fast is ordained in the Holy Quran. During the fast, Muslims seek a deeper perception of divine issues and personal worship. The fast is an act of self-control and heightened sensitivity to the needy. After the fast, Eid ul-Fi tr festival is held to celebrate the end of the fast. Hajj This is the pilgrimage to Makkah. This is the most significant manifestation of Islamic faith. Hajj is a once in a lifetime duty which is considered to be the peak of the religious faith (Ibrahim, 1997). In performing Hajj, pilgrims follow the orders of the ritual from Prophet Muhammad as performed in the last pilgrimage. 3. Contrast contemporary Sunni and Shiite Muslims. Shia and Sunni are two branches in the Islamic faith. The differences between the groups is said to have stemmed from political struggles which emerged after the death of Prophet Muhammad. Shin is said to have originated from Egypt and Morocco while Sunnis are said to have emerged from Saudi Arabia. While the Shiites are about 120 million in number, Sunnis are estimated to have a population of about 1.2 billion. Shiites have Imams, Ayatollah ul uzma, Allama and Mujtahid as part of their clergy (BBC, 2009). The Sunnis have Mullahs and Caliphs only. Shiites b elieve that their teachings originated from the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and they hold that his son-in-law, Ali, became his successor. Unlike the Shiites, the Sunnis believe that that prophet Muhammad was succeeded by his close friend Abu Bakr. Shiites believe

Valuation of Nonlisted Companies in Emerging Markets Essay

Valuation of Nonlisted Companies in Emerging Markets - Essay Example Rapid changes are taking place in the economies of these countries and they provide a wonderful ground for investors to reap huge benefits. When compared to the developed world, the return on investment in these economies is higher and faster, as the rate of industrialization and growth in niche sectors is rapid. While we talk of investment, we have to distinguish between investment in listed companies and non-listed companies in these emerging economies. There is a difference in the way investments and returns are made in listed and non-listed companies. While listed companies are governed by stringent rules dictated by the respective governments, non-listed companies enjoy a certain degree of autonomy in their operations. There is a difference in the valuations of these non listed companies as compared to the listed companies. It is very important to critically examine the valuations of these non-listed companies in emerging markets, before a foreign or even a domestic investor puts in his capital. In the International Experts Meeting on Corporate Governance of non Listed Companies, held in Istanbul, Turkey on 19-29 April, 2005, a large number of policy makers, business leaders and other experts deliberated on the issues of corporate governance of non listed companies, namely different ownerships, sourcing of capital, transparency requirements, professional management and the role of the policy makers in ensuring the above-mentioned factors. This meeting was organized by the OECD and had participants from 36 countries1.The group concluded that there was a need for better corporate governance, meeting compliances, increase in size and capital ploughed in, transparency and working towards shareholders' benefit in non listed companies in the emerging markets to help the economy which, in many case was dependent on the success of these family-owned entities. In another study conducted in Chile, it was found that in some case, there is a conflict of interests between controlling and minority stakeholders. Pyramids seem to be an effective way of separating cash from controlling rights. This is an effective way for economic groups to exercise control over productive assets and to establish internal capital mechanisms that can compensate for poorly developed formal markets. However, establishment of pyramids could be detrimental to the market value of companies and to the economy of the country as well2. Research Process After reviewing the available literature, it seems logical to go about the research process by undertaking a study of non- listed companies in emerging markets, the main examples being China, India, Russia, Brazil. This would represent almost the majority of the developing world. A relative analysis of company ownership, cost of capital, cost of resources, market valuations, professional management, corporate governance and popularity on the local and international stock markets could be carried out. Two cases per country: one of a listed company and another of a non-listed company could be compared and the discussions and results arrived at. A study of each country's policies in the area of listed and non-listed companies would also have to be undertaken, and the need for improvement/change in

Ethical And critical Thinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical And critical Thinking - Research Paper Example He was of the view that due to more guns being carried around on the streets, there is more danger present. Therefore, atleast certain gun control measures would be needed for security purposes. This point of view was backed up by the death of 32 people shot dead on the Virgina Tech campus on April 16, 2007. (Carpenter) Eventhough this article was structured in a way that adds more authenticity to it by using several direct quotes, it lacks analysis and the evaluation from the writer’s own perspective. She could’ve used facts to prove a view point. One fact could have been that the Brady Bill and the Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 have resulted in the decrease in violent crimes (40 Reasons Guns Should be Banned). The flow of ideas in the article could have been smoother and Amanda Carpenter could have used more facts and statistics to back up her comparisons of Obama with Hillary Clinton. Amanda B. Carpenter has great credibility to her name. A coloumnist for The Washington Times, as well as an author, blogger and commentator, she has vast experience and knowledge about political and cultural issues. Writing for a renowned paper such as Washington Times and with no allegations towards her for being biased, the article can be labelled as credible and authentic. This article, opposes the viewpoint of Obama and talks about why it is a must for all citizens to carry concealed weapons. The author, Benjamin Shapiro, adopts a very sarcastic and manipulative style of writing in his article. He starts off talking about a case in which the 27 year old Alan Senitt was killed in a rape attempt on his female companion. He then moves on to discuss how every individal has the right to protect himself. (Shapiro) Benjamin Shapiro wrote the article in a very interesting and an attention grabbing way. The start of the article talks about violence and death which is a great start for an article to grab the attention of the

Pen-3 Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pen-3 Model - Essay Example PEN 3 Model Culture is defined as a set of beliefs, behaviors, objects and others that are common to a group of people (Schaefer, 2009). Cultural aspects also include religion, language, values, laws, norms and the like. It is learned by the people by imitating the elders and/or enforcement by means of stigma and praises inside the society. Because of this, it is logical to say that culture can also affect health, as the health of an individual is also affected by culture and in turn also affects the health of the society. The health of the society is vital and it should be assessed regularly to monitor the needs of the people. A healthy population is a healthy civilization. Some diseases, like AIDS, are spread because of behavior. AIDS is transmitted by having unprotected sex or by using soiled needles contaminated by the HIV in medical procedures. These are all controllable and the spread can actually be contained when the people can just adjust their behavior. Behavior, like promi scuity, is an aspect of culture. Therefore, a disease that is spread by culture can also be corrected by culture. The sub-Saharan territory in Africa has the largest population of people with AIDS. The adult prevalence of AIDS in the 2005 was at 5.0% and it continues to grow (UNAIDS).

POL2000 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT WK 5 ASSIGNMENT Coursework

POL2000 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT WK 5 ASSIGNMENT - Coursework Example 214). Elections that take place halfway between head of state elections are referred to as midterm elections. These elections, for instance, the ones that took place in 2006 and 2010, select 1/3 of the United States governing body, every House of Representative affiliate, various governors, additional nationwide officeholder’s, as well as state representatives by ballot. Countless local selections for affiliates of the city council and mayors take place in the spring of years that are odd-numbered. Registration, turnout, and mobilization affect a rise in voting. Registration is a legal requirement for voter registration that came about arose because of a rejoinder to concerns concerning voting abuses; however, it also puts voting off. Voter registration prerequisite substantially have an effect on voting rates (Magleby, Light, & Nemacheck, 2011, pp. 224-225). Turnout is the voting-age public percentage that cast their ballots. Turnout is higher within general elections compared to primary selections and higher within primary elections compared to special elections. Turnout is also higher within presidential universal elections compared to midterm universal elections, and sky-scraping in presidential principal elections compared to midterm primary elections. Voter turnout is moreover higher in elections within which federal office aspirants are on the opinion poll than in national voting in years when no centralized contests exist (Magleby, Light, & Nemacheck, 2011, pp. 226). Mobilization is another circumstance that affects an increase in voting because in a country as uniformly divided in politics as the USA is currently, candidates ought to also marshal their most dedicated followers, or their â€Å"base†. This reaffirms their sustenance for concerns or groups that are important to the base. The communication volume within competitive elections and battlefield states in current elections has been astonishing (Magleby, Light, &

Determination Essay Example for Free

Determination Essay In â€Å"The Glass Castle† we see many different possibilities pertaining to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. We see the father, Rex and one of the daughters, Maureen, who fall victim to Maslow. Then there’s Jeanette and the mother, Rose Mary who have both seemed to achieve self-actualization regardless of their hardships. Traditionally, Maslow’s Hierarchy is thought to be achieved by working up from the bottom of the pyramid to get to the top. However, in â€Å"The Glass Castle† this is not particularly true. All the characters mentioned in this essay lacked safety and security, love and belonging, and psychological needs at some point during the novel. How they handled this though varies. â€Å"The Glass Castle† gives you a different view on this topic altogether. We see that whether or not Maslow’s Hierarchy is achieved, depends solely on the individual themselves. The character we most clearly see represent Maslow is the father, Rex Walls. Throughout the book we see Rex battle alcohol addiction and struggle to provide for his family. When the family moves to Welch we learn that Rex was probably abused as a child which leads us to believe this is the source of his alcohol addiction. Since Rex never achieved the safety, and love and belonging chunks of Maslow, he was never able to reach his full potential. He always spoke of dreams, but never had determination to back them up. â€Å"But since we couldn’t afford to pay the town’s trash-collection fee, our garbage was really piling up. One day Dad told us to dump it in the hole. â€Å"But that’s for the Glass Castle,† I said. â€Å"It’s a temporary measure,† Dad told me.† (Walls 155). By seeing his dreams fall through, we can assume Rex never achieved self-actualization. Rex is never able to let his demons from his past go, causing him to never reac h his full potential. Another character we see never reach their full potential, is Maureen. Like her father Maureen is not able to let go of her past. Maureen was often neglected as a child, lacking the love and belonging needs of Maslow. â€Å"Afterward, I called Brian. â€Å"Do you think Maureen’s on drugs?† I asked. â€Å"If she’s not, she should be,† he said. â€Å"She’s gone nuts.† (Walls 275) Not soon after, the mother kicks Maureen out, and Maureen ends up stabbing her. Maureen is sent to a mental institution for a year then takes off to California. Unlike her father and sister Jeanette shows us that it is capable to reach your full potential regardless of what you have gone through. Even through the hardships of her childhood Jeanette is set on moving to New York with Lori and becoming a reporter. By putting her past aside she is able to achieve this and finally reaches her full potential. â€Å"I still went into the office in the city once a week, but this was where John and I lived and worked, our home—the first house I’d ever owned. Mom and Lori admired the wide planked floorboards, the big fireplaces, and the ceiling beams made from locust posts, with gouge marks from the ax that had felled them.† Unlike any of the houses she lived in as a child, her current home goes above and beyond. If you compare Jeannette to her sister Maureen it’s clear that becoming all that you can be depends solely on yourself. Maureen went through the same experiences as Jeanette, yet Jeanette is the one who decides to do something with her life, while Maureen continues to let her life be the same as it always was. The last character we see achieve self-actualization is the mother, Rose Mary. Throughout the book Rose Mary is constantly picking out positive from the negative. In the beginning of the book we learn that Jeanette tries to help her mother since her mother is homeless on the streets of New York, but her mother denies it. â€Å"I’d tried to help them countless times, but dad would insist they didn’t need anything, and mom would ask for something silly, like a perfume atomizer or a membership in a health club. They said they were living the way they wanted to.†(Walls 4) Rose Mary seems to be comfortable with her lifestyle and is still content with it at the end of the book. â€Å"After we sat down for dinner, mom told us her good news. She had been a squatter for almost fifteen years, the city had finally decided to sell the apartments to her and the squatters for one dollar apiece.†(Walls 288) Even though Rose Mary isn’t living in luxury, she is happ y. And to be happy with where you’re at in life is basically achieving self-actualization. Throughout the four examples I provided it’s clear that you are the writer to your own destiny. It’s about personal strength. The stronger a person you are, the more determined you are to make something of yourself. Unfortunately for Maureen’s’ case, she was too reliant on other people to be able to depend on herself. She was never able to break away and do something with her life, the same goes for her father. Rex did at least try to make his children’s’ life better than his own as a child, but he let his alcohol addiction get in the way of giving his kids, and himself the best life possible. Jeanette and Rose Mary however both managed to become happy, regardless. The Walls family most certainly did not have a perfect life, and they’ve been through more than some of us could possibly imagine, but the majority of them turned out pretty well, and that itself is a huge achievement. To me personally, it seems determination is the key to following Maslow’s Hierarchy. To move up the pyramid you need to be determined, without determination you settle for what little you get, just like Maureen and Rex. The determination to be happy and the determination to do better for yourself is what will make the dream of self-actualization become possible. This however, depends on the person you are, and the outlook you have on life.

Hp External Analysis Essay Example for Free

Hp External Analysis Essay Hewlett Packard External Environment Analysis Hewlett Packard External Environment Analysis In today’s constantly evolving business world, it is essential for organizations to fully master and incorporate strategic management theory into decision making processes. As the world’s largest technology company, HP brings together a portfolio that spans printing, personal computing, software, services, and IT infrastructure to solve customer problems (Hewlett Packard, 2010). HP is well positioned to outperform the market. The strength of HP’s portfolio is leaner cost structure and accelerating market momentum that gives the confidence to raise the full year outlook (Hurd, 2010)†. One of the most important aspects of Hewlett Packard’s strategy building is an analysis of the external business environment that they operate in. As pointed out in the text Strategic Management. Concepts and Cases Competitiveness and Globalization, â€Å"The firm’s understanding of the external environment is matched with knowledge about its internal environment to form its vision, to develop its mission, and to identify and implement actions that result in strategic competitiveness and above-average returns. (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009) In this paper, there will be an analysis of Hewlett Packard’s external business environment and its impact on the firm’s strategic business continuity plan, including examination of the three components of the external environment, the general environment, the industry environment, and the competitor environment. External Environmental Analysis Before analyzing Hewlett Packard’s external influences, it is important to highlight the specific processes in an external environmental analysis. This analysis is performed so that firms can correctly identify potential opportunities and threats in their external environment, and involves continually scanning, monitoring, forecasting, and assessing segments of the general environment. Scanning is the process of studying each segment of the general environment to identify upcoming or ongoing changes that can impact the firm. Monitoring refers to observing the changes identified in the scanning process to determine if a particular trend can be singled out which would have significant consequences for the firm. Trend identification is an important aspect of monitoring, as well as recognizing the trend’s effect on the firm’s stakeholders. Forecasting takes the changes and trends that scanning and monitoring produced, and attempts to formulate useful predictions based on those changes and trends. One important factor in forecasting is identifying the time frame and rate of change for trends, so that the firm does not miss an opportunity or get caught off guard by a threat. The final step in external environmental analysis is assessing. The objective of assessing is to determine the timing and significance of the effects of environmental changes and trends on the strategic management of the firm. † (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009) The prime focus of assessing is determining the impact of forecasted trends on strategic direction of the firm. Assessing decides if an opportunity or threat requires a change in plans, or the firm to take a new direction. General Environment The first component of the external environment is the general environment. â€Å"The general environment is composed of dimensions in the broader society that influence an industry and the firms within it. (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009) These dimensions of broader society are further classified into six categories. The six categories of the general environment are demographic, economic, political and legal, socio-cultural, technological, and global. A large, global firm like Hewlett-Packard will find opportunities and threats in each aspect of the general environment. The demographic category of the general environment includes factors such as population size, age structure, ethnic mix, income distribution, and geographic distribution. Hewlett-Packard’s market position as the world’s largest technology company requires careful consideration of demographic factors. Hewlett-Packard’s strategic continuity is impacted by this factor because it must identify markets with the correct demographic to provide an opportunity to sell its computer products. Markets with an unfavorable income distribution or an older age structure may need to be avoided until more favorable conditions arise. The economic category of the general environment includes factors such as interest rates, gross domestic product, and business savings rates. Hewlett-Packard’s continuity strategy is impacted by economic factors in a similar fashion as it is impacted by demographics. Markets located in a strong economy represent opportunities for the firm. Additionally, developing economies may provide lower interest rates, or favorable business savings rates. Economies in decline can represent a threat to Hewlett-Packard, as expensive computer purchases may not be a consumer’s focus. The political and legal category of the general environment includes factors such as antitrust laws, taxation laws, and labor laws. Hewlett-Packard can face huge opportunities and threats with changes and trends in legislation. Hewlett-Packard produces a wide range of computer products, and if it is challenged by an antitrust law, it could face a very large threat. However, favorable changes in tax law can represent just as large an opportunity for the firm to save money. The socio-cultural category of the general environment includes factors such as workforce diversity, shifts in work and career preferences, and shifts in product and service preferences. Hewlett-Packard’s business continuity is very concerned with monitoring and planning for preference trends in the computer technology industry. Proper assessment and integration of a new product preference can represent an important opportunity, while missing this preference could end up a threat. The technological category of the general environment includes factors such as product innovations, new communications technologies, and government supported research and development expenditures. Obviously this category caries great significance for a computer based firm like Hewlett-Packard. Product innovations can represent an opportunity for strategic continuity if Hewlett-Packard can incorporate them, a threat to strategic continuity if they cannot. New communications technologies can be utilized to assist in streamlining operations, and represent an opportunity to lower long term costs. The final category of the general environment is global. The global category includes factors such as critical global markets, new industrialized countries, and cultural and institutional attributes. Hewlett-Packard is a global firm, and changes or trends in the global markets must be planned for to ensure strategic continuity.

Economic Impact of Shale Gas and Tight Oil

Economic Impact of Shale Gas and Tight Oil Why the Economic Impact of Shale Gas and Tight Oil is rather limited The extraction of shale gas and tight oil from unconventional sources is currently subject to a fierce debate. The discussion about benefits and disadvantages stands at a decisive threshold for economic policies at a regional, national and international level. Europe remains divided on this issue while data from the US seems to be promising. The question on the macroeconomic impact of the shale gas boom remains, however, unclear. The author claims that the long-run economic benefits for the US and Europe are rather limited. To prove this, he will critically analyse the claims made by Daniel Yergin and Nick Butler as well as Muehlenbachs, Spiller Timmins article on the subject. The focus of the analysis at a glance Daniel Yergin claims in his article, that US shale gas and tight oil have already changed global energy markets and reduced both Europe’s competitiveness vis-à  -vis the US and China’s overall competitiveness. What is more, he claims that this â€Å"unconventional revolution† in energy will bring a shift in global politics. Although it is probable, that the US will developed to be gas exporting country in the coming years, studies show that they will have to rely significantly on crude oil imports in the future, and not only from Canada, as Yergin claims. Furthermore, there will not be a significant reduction on emissions due to the so called shale revolution. Other local externalities, such as the impact on groundwater, air pollution, and leakages have to be considered. Muehlenbachs, Spiller Timmins article even suggests considerable effects on the housing-market and property values. Furthermore, data of the US case shows that the reduction of the amount of coal-produced energy was triggered by the cyclical decrease in gas prices, which has now largely turned. Shale gas is insufficient on its own to drive out coal of the overall energy-mix in both the United States and Europe. Therefore, Nick Butler’s claim of self-sufficiency within a few years and Yergin’s statement about a shift in world politics have to be treated with caution. Yergin and Butler both come up with the argument, that lower gas prices will strengthen the economy. When looking at the impact of lower gas prices on productivity, two effects can be analysed: Firstly, an income effect due to the fact that gas can now be produced cheaper and thus, ceteris paribus, more income is available to buy other goods. Secondly, substitution effects that are resulting from shifting gas prices that can change the relative prices of goods in which gas is an input and consequently have knock-on effects for productivity in other sectors. Yet, it is not that simple. Analysing the issue out of a microeconomic perspective suggests that the effect on GDP of the two effects is likely to be trivially unimportant, affecting sectors representing only a minor part of the economy (1.2% in the US). Data of several studies suggests average income effects of about 0.575% from 2012 and 2040 for the US. It is important to stress that this is a long-term increase in the level of GDP, not the growth rate. Another key element of Yergin’s argumentation is the reduced dependency on oil imports mentioned above. Increased domestic production of oil and gas leads to a smaller amount of imports. Subsequently, this means that the producer surplus of oil is being transferred from foreign oil exporters to domestic oil producers. But again, this has consequences on the level of GDP in the long term and not on the growth rate. Studies show that, even when considering increases of the exchange rate and other crowding-out effects, there will not be a significant positive impact on manufacturing deficit after all. Similarly to the data shown earlier, the long-run GDP effects of reduced US oil imports are estimated to increase the level of GDP until 2040 of about 0.35%. The addition of these effects leads to a conversion of the long-run level of GDP of averagely 0.875%. Adding these effects to the uncertainty of fracking per se, especially in Europe, one can clearly see that there might not be that much of a revolution going on after all. Considering the argument that the â€Å"unconventional revolution† will create a fair amount of jobs, at least in the US, one has to consider that the American economy was not at that time and is not at full employment of labour and capital now. The estimated short-term stimulus effects due to increased investment, employment, and input spending in the sector are again rather low (0.13% of GDP and 0.48% of GDP). Regarding the change of the balance of competitiveness in the world economy and the claimed unanticipated advantage due to shale energy, one has to consider a few other things. There is no proof that the shale gas boom will lead to a reindustrialisation of the entire American manufacturing sector. Of course, US exports have risen sectors that use gas, but only to almost $24 billion in 2012 compared to a manufacturing trade deficit of roughly $780 billion. Additionally, declines in the real exchange rate in the last years and the consequences of the recession have clearly increased exports and reduced imports. The assumption that the â€Å"unconventional revolution† will lead to a revitalisation of US economy is therefore rather delicate. Furthermore, the net benefits of low-priced gas are likely to be limited to certain manufacturing sectors only, especially the chemicals, metals, and paper sectors according to IMF working papers. In conclusion, the analysis shows that one needs to carefully differentiate between the (positive) effects of the shale gas boom as a technical innovation and it being a revolution per se. As shown above, the long-term benefits in the areas of production and manufacturing competitiveness are relatively small. Additionally, shale gas and tight oil will not replace coal-based energy nor substitute a considerable amount of oil imports in both the US and Europe in the next decades. Therefore, promoting energy efficiency and low-carbon technologies as well as clear energy policies will be even more important than before, especially for the European countries. References Articles analysed: Butler, N. (2014, March 30). After shale gas, now for tight oil. Retrieved from Financial Times: http://blogs.ft.com/nick-butler/2014/03/30/after-shale-gas-now-for-tight-oil/ Muehlenbachs, L., Spiller, B., Timmins, C. (2014, February 9). The housing-market impacts of shale-gas development. Retrieved from VoxEU: Research-based policy analysis and commentary from leading economists: http://www.voxeu.org/article/shale-gas-and-housing-market Yergin, D. (2014, January 8). The Global Impact of US Shale. Retrieved from Project Syndicate: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/daniel-yergin-traces-the-effects-of-america-s-shale-energy-revolution-on-the-balance-of-global-economic-and-political-power Other sources: Celasun, O., Di Bella, G., Mahedy, T., Papageorgiou , C. (2014). The US Manufacturing Recovery: Uptick or Renaissance. IMF Working Paper. Gruenspecht, H. (2013). Annual Energy Outlook (Early Release): with projections to 2040: presentation on behalf of US Energy Information Administration for Center on Global Energy Policy. New York: Columbia University. US Energy Information Administration. (2014, April 16). Annual Energy Outlook 2014. Retrieved from US Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/

Causality among Financial Liberalization, Poverty and Income Inequality

Kappel, V (2009) explored the impact of financial liberalization on poverty and income inequality by using panel and cross country data of developed and developing countries. By applying OLS and 2SLS significant negative relationship is found between financial development and income inequality. In developed countries weak evidence was found for financial development to decrease income inequality whereas in developing countries financial liberalization was found to increase income inequality. Pradhan (2010) examines the causal relationship among economic growth, financial development and poverty reduction in India during the period of 1951 to 2008. The empirical analysis deploys cointegration and dynamic Granger’s causality. Long run equilibrium relationship is found to be present among financial development, economic growth and poverty reduction .The Granger’s causality test shows that there is unidirectional causality from poverty reduction to economic growth, economic growth to financial development, and financial development to poverty reduction and economic growth to poverty reduction. It also shows the presence of no causality between financial development and economic growth, and poverty reduction and financial development. The research study recommends that economic growth is of prime importance to stimulate financial development and both could play a pivotal role in reducing poverty. Jeanneney and Kpodar (2006) examine how financial development is useful in reducing by poverty on one hand by McKinnon conduit effect and on the other by promoting economic growth. The study is conducted on a panel of developing countries during the period of 1966 to 2000 first by employing OLS and then by Dynamic panel Generalized Met... .... The bank of Albania (2009) inspects the causative association between financial development and economic growth for the Albanian economy using the Granger causality test for five different proxies for financial development. For the non-stationary and non-cointegrated series, the VAR model has been constructed and later, the above test has been applied. For non-stationary series but with a cointegrating relationship, the Granger-causality test has been applied after the construction of the vector error correction model (VECM). The empirical findings of the study show that there is a positive relation between all indicators measuring the financial development and economic growth in the long term. While in the short term, this relation is quite vague since different indicators provide different results. The data used in this paper belong to the period 1996-2007.

Compensation Act 2006 Essay -- Negligence

Negligence as a tort is defined as a breach of a legal duty to take care which results in damage to the claimant. It has been established that in order to raise liability and succeed in negligence claim, the claimant must show that the defendant owes him a duty of care, that this duty has been breached, and that he suffered damage or loss which is within the scope of the duty. However, the question of whether a breach of a duty of care has occurred, involves two elements: how much care is required to be taken (in other words; the standard of care) and whether that care has been taken. It is worth mentioning that the standard of care in negligence is objective , as held in Nettleship v Watson , in which the conduct of the defendant was examined. The situation, however, was not that clear. Under Caparo test , the courts will take into account in determining duty of care; foreseeability of harm, proximity, and whether imposing a duty would be fair, just, and reasonable. Relatively, it can be said that s.1 of the Compensation Acts 2006, revolves around similar principles of those mentioned in Caparo test. In fact, the courts are invited under section 1 (but not obliged) to take into account the impact of decisions they make on standard of care. Furthermore, in deciding whether the defendant have taken necessary steps to meet the standard of care, the courts are invited to examine whether those steps would prevent desirable activities from taking place, and discourage people from undertaking functions in connection with the activity. The question arises here, however, on whether Judges had such discretion before the Act while deciding on standard of care. The answer lies in the explanatory notes of the Act, which declare... ...ckman [1990] 2 AC Miller v. Jackson [1977] QB 966, CA Robinson v Post Office [1974] 1 WLR 1176 Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Miller Steamship Co Pty, The Wagon Mound (No 2 ) [1967] 1 AC 617 Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB McHale v Watson [1966] CLR 199 Bolton v. Stone [1951] AC 850, HL Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Website End compensation culture – Blair accessed 7th January 2011 Compensation culture accessed 7th January 2011 (Claire Mckenney), ‘Questioning the claims culture’ (2004) accessed 7th January 2011 Compensation Act 2006 Explanatory Notes accessed 7th January 2011

Energy crises of Pakistan

The unabated spate of load shedding throughout Pakistan has made life difficult to live in this sizzling summer. The unending energy crisis with power outages for more than 15 hours on daily basis has also dealt a severe blow to the national economy. Resultantly, business units and factories are getting shut down and layoffs of the workers are reported to be running in hundreds of thousands with grave implications for already burgeoning unemployment and poverty. According to a careful estimate, the difference between demand and supply is above five thousand megawatts, which is likely to increase as the weather gets even hotter in the months of June and July. The monster of load shedding first raised its head in 2007 and the national power scene has been becoming uglier with every passing year. There have been minor fluctuations and readjustments between demand and supply due to weather and water factors but the crisis on the whole has remained consistent in its lethality and ugliness. The criticality of situation warranted urgent policy response at the highest level but the same was not forthcoming, thanks to red-tapism and perennial malaise afflicting our decision-making processes. The questions arise in the background of severity of the crisis: has Pakistan in reality been deprived of treasure of energy? Do we have no alternative system to produce electricity in the country? Can we establish energy market, the biggest in the region through collaboration with neighbouring India and other countries? These are the questions whose answers should be in the affirmative, which should not be less than a glad tiding for the people hit hard by crises of different nature. Resort to empty promises, a favourite pastime of the government, would not help. It is about time that the government made practical strategies to resolve the energy crisis on the war footing basis without any further delay. Geographically Pakistan is located in a region where neighbouring country, India, is emerging as an economic giant. Despite massive use of energy to meet the growing demands of economic development, there is no load shedding in India. Among other countries of the region, Bangladesh is the only country whose local reservoirs of power are more than that of Pakistan. Economically speaking, India is ahead of Pakistan and Bangladesh but in terms of being self-sufficient in power, even Bangladesh is far ahead of Pakistan. Islamabad stands at number three in the field of power generation. Despite this power generation potential, the country suffers from the worst bouts of power crisis courtesy internal and external factors. If Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and other countries of the region launch power generation initiatives jointly, they cannot only strengthen their diplomatic and economic ties but also earn precious foreign exchange by exporting the surplus electricity. These countries are home to vast natural sources of energy. All countries of South Asia can launch a joint project of power grid. Nepal and Bhutan are two countries blessed with maximum of natural gas, which is used more than electricity. On the other hand, there are issues in regard to planning of natural resources and installation of power lines to ensure flow of electricity in these countries of the region. Despite this, when we look at the natural resources in these countries, it becomes certain that only these countries forming the energy bloc would stand to benefit in the future energy scenario. However, they would have to take steps to attract the attention of international investors. If these countries succeed to formulate a joint strategy, it would not only help them overcome their energy crunch, but also establish a trade bloc in South Asia. A brief detail of some of the models is given here below to become self-sufficient in the power sector: According to an analysis undertaken in the countries of South Asia, it has become known that if they formulate long-term policy of natural resources, they can save electricity from 6% to 13%. South African countries had undertaken this experiment first of all by which the countries of the region were able to save up to 100 billion dollars. If the South Asian countries take a leaf from the book of their African counterparts, there is no reason why they do not become self-sufficient in energy resources. Implementation of this model would also promote the intra-regional trade besides offering solution to the power crisis. Pakistan should be a strong proponent of this model given its huge energy deficit and demand. A long-term policy will need to be worked out spanning over 10 to 12 years. The broad contours of policy would include power agreements, long-term policy, and cooperation in the field of engineering, etc. The government of Pakistan has already formulated a ten-year plan but it is not in sync with the ground realities. There is a difference between resources and planning. By acting upon this model named s South Asian Power Pool, Pakistan, India and other regional countries can become success stories in the conservation and self-sufficiency of natural resources. The major benefits accruing from this model are the way out of present power crisis and enhancement of regional trade through striking of preferential trade agreements. Import of hydropower from India, Bhutan and Nepal can provide us with a big push to go ahead with this plan. Last but not the least, the South Asian countries can ink a regional agreement known as South Asian Regional Energy Trade (SARET) based on revolutionary steps to enhance energy trade in the region. However, in order to ease out the situation, urgent measures need to be taken. This includes the equal distribution of load shedding throughout Pakistan without any exception. The issues of non-payment to IPPs and circular debt need to be sorted out as a matter of priority to generate electricity according to full installed capacity. The matter of import of electricity from Iran should be dealt with on priority basis besides working out workable strategy to cut down line losses, which are the major source of wastage of electricity in the country. To conclude, it can be said that energy crunch is both regional and global issue and regional efforts need to be made to overcome this deficit. Time is long past when issues of urgent nature were kept pending due to political expediency. Pakistan, a country hit hard by power crisis, needs to reach out to Iran, Turkey and other central Asian countries for import of electricity on urgent basis to ease things out. Time to act is now.

Legal framework for social work in United Kingdom Essay

Legal framework for social work in United Kingdom Introduction            Social work is defined as a professional and academic discipline that will seek to have improvement on the individuals, groups’ and communities’ quality of life and their well-being through having policies, conducting researches, organizing communities and teaching for the good of the people affected by social limitations that may include poverty, mental and physical sickness, social injustice including violation of human rights. International (Federation of Social Workers 2000). These groups may include school dropouts, the elderly in the society, juvenile offenders, drug and alcohol abusers and the homeless            Social workers will work in different settings within a set of framework of legislation and practices. The setting may include a school situation, the service users’ home, a hospital or a public sector premise Social work values            Social work is argued to be value based. Since it is a profession on, social work ethics (values) thus refer to a set of guidelines that have to govern the way professionals treat the people they interact with and the sort of actions that are regarded as right or wrong. They offer a vision and discernment (Bernstein 1970)            Social work in the United Kingdom occurs in four spheres. The first sphere is majorly a concept relates to the moral philosophy that creates the ethical arguments on social work. The second sphere is based on the legislation that has created an environment for practice of social work with reference to the social work cases. The third sphere is the political ideas and concepts and their influence in shaping and sculpturing the social work models, social work methods and practices. The last sphere presents the historical part of the beginning of social work as a profession and its struggle for professional identity. These spheres are extended, mid range and restricted definitions of social work ethics and values (Bernard et al 2008, p. 6)            This paper will focus on the second sphere in reference to the United Kingdom. Social work and law            Social work as a profession has to follow certain laws and regulations which govern the profession. The legal framework involves the statute laws and case laws and tries to explain the relationship that links them. Moreover, it details legislation of the government under acts of parliament, the international laws, policy guidance, and the local government circulars that articulate the purpose and guidance principles of legislation. Health and Care professional Council code of practice            As a social worker, it is paramount to be aware of the legal obligations required of them to create a healthy and safe working conditions. The General Social Care Council code of practice imposes more duties for employers of social workers. The code states that (Brayne & Carr 2002, P. 49) The social worker shall protect and promote interests of the service users The social worker will strive to establish, maintain trust and confidence of the service users The social worker will promote independence of the service users while giving them protection from possible harm The social worker shall respect the rights of the service users while ensuring that their behavior will not harm other people and themselves The social worker shall uphold the public trust and confidence in the social care services The social worker shall be accountable for quality in their work and taking responsibility for maintenance and improvement of their knowledge Acts of parliament The Carew standard Act 2000            This Act has a significant role in the social care work as it did extend the registration regime for the social care in England and that of Wales for provision of the children’s services, the Act requires the following: Registration of children homes Registration of family centre’s Registration of the independent fostering agencies Registration of the voluntary adoption agencies Registration of support agencies            To be a permanent registered member one has to meet a set of regulations tailored to each individual service. In coming up to a decision whether the regulatory requirement shave been fulfilled, the registering authority must have a regard to minimum National standards. England’s registration authority is Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (OFSTED). The Social workers and the social care services cannot function without having satisfied the above requirements. As a social worker or a social care service provider, there is a need to have knowledge to avoid prosecution by Law The health and social care Act 2012            This bill was agreed upon by both houses and obtained the Royal Assent on the 27th of March to become an act of parliament. The bill created an independent National Health Service Board to promote choices made by the patients in regard to their health issues and reduced the administration tool of the National Health Service. A National Health Service Board was also created to allocate resources and provide guidance on commissioning of social care services. Powers of the government’s ability to commission services on behalf of patients were increased. The function of the Care Quality Commission was strengthened and Section 209 of this Act amended. The powers of the new law under Section 60 of the 199 Act gave her majesty the power by order in the council to regulate social workers and social care practitioners of England. This placed the role of social workers and the role of social health care providers directly under her majesty (Britain 2012, p. 9). This A ct placed a lot of Significance on Social Care services being provided in the United Kingdom. A consideration on the adult social care was emphasized. For example, allowing the transfer of public health to the local authorities through local health and the well being boards. Various new bodies have emerged such as the Local health watches which have a function of checking on health and the social care standards. Children’s Act 2004.            In England, the law protects the right of children. Section 11 and 12 of this Act places a statutory duty on all agencies to co-operate and promote the welfare of the children. The government guidance for social workers and other professionals that interact with children is that: the social worker has a duty of keeping the children safe. There should be constant feedback to the children social care local authority on suggestions and assessment and lastly every person who has a role should not think that he/she has the absolute right to the child’s needs. Professionals sometimes fail to report the abuse and neglect cases do not face penalties for crime however; they might be subjected to professional discipline Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012            The bill got a Royal Assent on 8th of March. The bill aimed to give strength to the social enterprise businesses sectors and make relevant the concept of social value and its importance in the placing and providing of public services. With this bill a National Social enterprise strategy was created to encourage the engagement in social enterprises. The local government act 2000 section 4 was then required to have a sustainable community strategy proposal that promote the engagement of social enterprise in their areas. The Local Authority Social Services Act 1970            This Act brought together the different fields of social work into a single Social service department in every local authority. With this establishment, an emphasis was laid on a co-ordinated and comprehensive system of approach to the social care, the support of families and identifying the need for people to seek aid. The formulated departments then became responsible for domestic aid, residential accommodation and recreational services. Care council of Wales            All social workers should be registered. It is one of the bodies mandated to register and regulates the activities of the social workers and all other social care in Wales. The care council is set up under the Care Standards Act 2000. It includes the codes of professional practice, conduct rules, and a well established guideline on the complainant’s procedure. Some other features accessed include consultation services, annual reports, the newsletters and the e-bulletins. Registration of workers ensures that there is as constant data of available social workers and social health care workers in a given state or region. It is easy to verify a genuine worker and avoids imposters who might be out on criminal activities Care and Social Services of the inspectorate of Wales            This is a body mandated to regulating and inspecting the establishment of agencies that offer social care services in Wales region. It carries out duties on behalf of the ministers of Wales. It has been given power under Act 2003 of the Social and Health care to look into the handling of social services by the local authorities. On their website, one is able to raise a query on social workers conduct for necessary action. Rights and freedoms of Social workers and limitations Guide to information sharing            Social work is a professional duty. When dealing with children, England places emphasis on effective information sharing between the local agencies and the social workers on identification and assessment of service provisions. These are defined in â€Å"Working together to safeguard children (PDF). Under this guidance, paragraph 1.24 states clearly that fears that arise on sharing personal information should not hinder promotion of a child’s welfare and safety. All social workers and social care provider thus are required to have an efficient information discernment process to avoid a scenario of neglect in believe that another individual will do the task. Limitations to this guide            These provisions however do have limitations. In Wales’s guidance on information sharing is found in chapter 14 of Safeguarding children working together under the Children Act 2004 (PDF). In these guidance paragraph 14.5 overlaps the guidance for professionals in England. It states that â€Å"The safety and welfare of a child or young person must be put into consideration first when making decisions about sharing information about them† and that must be superseding public interest in revealing the information. The guidance then further goes on to give the way forward in sharing on information. Paragraph 14.6 states that â€Å"the best way of ensuring that information sharing is properly handled is to work within carefully worked out information-sharing protocols between agencies and professionals involved, and taking legal advice in each case where necessary. Guide to Loss and damage            Social workers have been mandated with a legal duty of caring and service providers. In essence these role places the employers with responsibility of paying up damages their employees suffer while in line of duty. In the event those being taken care of suffer adverse damage as a result of social work interference, then they are entitled to sue the social work company for negligence. These may be as a result of physical damage, emotional or psychological damage. While this is the case, the law prohibits the suing of social workers when performing certain statutory functions like safeguarding children. Employers need to understand the times which their employees may be liable to protection under the law and when not. Legislation on discrimination on Personal privacy            In line of duty, social workers provide aid services. In order for them to carry out these functions effectively, it is paramount for them to have knowledge of the raft of legislation that protects individuals for discrimination basing on their gender, age, sexual orientation, religion, disability or ethnicity. These are domestic laws of the United Kingdom and are complemented by European Convention on human right which protects the citizens of the United Kingdom against unjustified state interference with their life. It is always possible for government and social work agencies getting into people’s life when they are not willing. In this event then the public can resort to the human rights protection of privacy and autonomy. Social workers and social work agencies need to have knowledge of the rights and privileges granted to the masses under the European convention for both parties to avoid violating them while at the same time helping individuals who hav e had their rights contravened The Human rights            Human rights are legal obligations that are to be adhered to universally. Human rights are defined as â€Å"the universal right to standard living that is adequate for healthy and well being of individuals and their families.†(Roosevelt 2000, p.5). These are also embodied by global social work perspective by stating that â€Å"The struggle for dignity and fundamental freedoms, which allows for the full development of human potentials, boils down to two words: human rights.†(IFSW 1996).The presence of this law, social work in the United Kingdom is bound to human rights which are considered sensitive to human race and collective citizenship. The social work must then be conceptualized and sensitized to the culture in which the services are offered. Thus a social worker in England should be able to accept the culture and laws of a state or region in which he/she is working in. Conclusion            Social work and social care has a pivotal role in service delivery to the society. This view cannot go unnoticed. The values, ethics of social work such as respect for humanity, equality and service to all have played a major role in helping the less privileged in the United Kingdom. The beneficiaries have included the mentally ill, the old, women and children. The United Kingdom having realized the vital role of social care came up with various laws not only to check but to guide the professionals in their field of work. These laws have been defined in various Acts of parliament, Scholarly publications and various codes of ethics and conduct of the Social work profession. Social workers and social care workers interact with different people on daily basis. In order for a harmonious and efficient system of operation to uphold, these laws and various publications have played a major role. However the legal stipulations have also had a negative side of the story bein g felt where they have had to hamper the operations of social workers and social care practitioners. Technological advancements and constant reviews of challenges that have risen in the working environment of this profession I believe can act as a catalyst to new ideas to command this noble profession to greater heights in the United Kingdom References BRITAIN, G. (2012). Health and social care act 2012: chapter 7. [S.l.], Tso. BRAYNE, H., & CARR, H. (2012). Law for social workers. Oxford, Oxford University Press. BRITAIN, G. (2012). Health and social care act 2012: chapter 7. [S.l.], Tso. BARNARD, A., HORNER, N., & WILD, J. (2008). The value base of social work and social care. Maidenhead, England, Open University Press. ROOSEVELT, E. (2000). Universal declaration of human rights in English, Spanish, French, Chinese, Russian, Arabic. Bedford, Mass, Applewood Books. HEALY, L. M. (2008). International social work: professional action in an interdependent world. Oxford, Oxford University Press. REAMER, F. G. (2006). Social work values and ethics. New York, Columbia University Press. BERNSTEIN, P. (1997). American work values: their origin and development. New York, State Univ. of New York Press. BANKS, S. (2012). Ethics and values in social work. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan. (2004). Children Act 2004: Explanatory notes. [S.l.], Stationery Office. Source document

The Precepts of Ptah Hotep

Precepts of Ptah Hotep Even though The Precepts of Ptah Hotep is one of the oldest documents in the world, the precepts are still relevant to social customs today. To be more specific, the 19th precept is one that I agree with and believe is beneficial to everybody. It states: â€Å"Be not of an irritable temper as regards that which happens at your side; grumble not over your own affairs. † I believe this precept is beneficial because it focuses on being positive and not on being negative, and it shows respect to yourself and to others.Precept number 19 tells us not to focus on the things that go wrong with our lives and not to complain. It's saying to let things go and to not dwell in the past. This precept ties into the whole reason for social codes. Social codes, like The Precept of Ptah Hotep, are meant to be followed; and as Collin said, if for some reason one is broken by a person, that person should be able to fix it, to make up for the wrong they have done by not grum bling about it, but instead working to fix it. This precept is very much like the well known saying â€Å"Hakuna matata† used in the popularDisney movie, The Lion King. The saying means no worries and is used in the movie to tell a character not to dwell in the past and be sad about things that he cannot change, but instead to be happy about the present. If you do dwell in the past and grumble about bad things that have happened to you, people will not want to be around you because of your negativity. It is disrespectful to only talk about the bad things that you have experienced when you are around other people. If you can never let things go, you will not be fun to hang out with and will end up alone. ink this precept is very beneficial to everybody because it relates to how you treat others and yourself, which I think is a very important thing to understand how to do respectfully. It is important to me because it is something I believe I can do better at. For example, if I have a soccer game and we lose, I usually try not to dwell on the fact that we lost, although sometimes I can't help it. There isn't really any point in getting myself or my team down that we lost because it won't help anyone do better in the next game. It would be a very disrespectful thing to bring not Just myself, but others own into the dumps.The smart thing to do would be to congratulate my team for trying, and to Just focus on getting better. I believe that the 19th precept from The Precepts of Ptah Hotep is one of the most important. It not only stresses respect for the individual and the majority, but also on being positive. I think that everybody can improve on letting things go and instead of complaining, trying to improve things. People can benefit by following precept 19 by being more fun to be around and making yourself and others happier. The Precepts of Ptah Hotep By ccbb43