Symptoms And Symptoms Of Panic Disorder - 1493 Words

Development of Panic Disorder According to the American Psychiatric Association et al. (2013), panic disorder has been shown to occur in about two to three percent of adults in the United States. Panic disorders have been shown to occur more in Caucasian individuals than in any other race or ethnicity. Females have been shown to be twice as affected by panic disorders than their male counterparts and the differences between the genders can be seen by the age of fourteen. Although the normal onset for panic disorder in the U.S. is usually twenty to twenty-four years old. There have been some cases in which the disorder appeared in childhood or after the age of forty-five although both are unusual occurrences (American Psychiatric Association et al. 2013). Individuals without treatment may be able to go into remission but usually have a relapse of symptoms within a couple of years (American Psychiatric Association 2013). The start of panic disorder can be traced back to night terrors or fear spells in childhood that can happen when the child is awake or asleep (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Many of the symptoms of panic disorder are not as noticeable in adults as they are in adolescents but adolescents tend to have little worry about reoccurring panic attacks (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Panic disorders are shown to be related to neuroticism, agreeableness, and contentiousness (Spinhoven, Van Der Does, Ormel, Zitman, Pennix 2013). Individuals withShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Panic Disorder1542 Words   |  7 PagesDisease Definition and Symptoms A Panic Disorder is one of five major types of anxiety disorders. ‘Fundamentals of Mental Health Promotion’ states that the five major types of anxiety disorders include Panic disorder and agoraphobia, which will be the point of focus in this paper Phobias, OCD, PTSD, Acute Stress disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. (Sharma, 2013). While also saying Panic Disorders, or recurring â€Å"Panic Attacks†, are defined as â€Å"a discrete period of intense fear or discomfortRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Panic Disorder1619 Words   |  7 Pagesmultitude of symptoms and has the potential to be treated. The only difference is that a mental illness affects the brain and the mind, and in today’s society, has negative connotations associated with it. Mental illness is just as biological as any physical disease, and can be just as serious and devastating to the individual. One mental illness, in particular, is believed to be very common and easily reversib le: panic disorder. This illness is classified under the DSM-5 as an anxiety disorder, and itRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Panic Disorder1374 Words   |  6 PagesPanic Disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs following the experience or witnessing of a traumatic event. Panic disorder occurs in 90 percent of the population, this amount of percentage is what psychologist are facing every day. Panic disorder is a serious condition that strikes after a serious event have occur without warning exactly the time it will happen in the patient. Symptoms of panic disorder include sudden attacks of fear and nervousness, as well as physical symptoms such as sweatingRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Panic Disorder3756 Words   |  16 Pagespharmacotherapy and assertive community treatment. Anxiety disorders are a collection of mental disorders that include symptoms of fear, anxiety and panic. One type of anxiety disorder is panic disorder. Panic disorder is surprisingly extremely promi nent throughout the United States of America. Panic disorder was once mistaken as just nerves but it is now considered to be an actual psychological disorder. Due to this change, it is seen that panic disorder is more serious and severe than many people believedRead MoreCase Study Anxiety Answer Sheet 1 Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Case Study: Anxiety Answer Sheet Diagnosing Tina Student Name: Diagnosing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: 1a. Refer to the DSM-IV checklist for generalized anxiety disorder. Which of Tinas symptoms meet any of the criteria? (Be sure to match specific symptoms with specific criteria.) Tina’s symptoms match all four of the criteria in the DSM-IV checklist for generalized anxiety disorder. Tina worries constantly something is going to happen to her twins which is in correlation with the first criteriaRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety1319 Words   |  6 Pages Anxiety When asked to do a report on a health related subject I didn’t have to wonder. There was no concern on what subject I would pick. It is plain and simple. I would write on panic disorder. PTSD, or generalized anxiety. This would give me a stage to set some clarity to what is seen as just a group of people who are not as mentally tough as other people. Ever get nervous before a big test? Feel stressed and anxious about a situation. In a state of constant worry. Great because that isRead MoreEssay about Panic Disorder922 Words   |  4 PagesPanic disorder is something that develops for no apparent reason. It causes repeated and unexpected attacks of intense fear. It can last for a few minutes or even hours. The people that have this disorder usually live in fear of having another attack. They are afraid to be alone, or to be far from medical help. The feelings of intense fear can trigger severe physical reactions. This disorder is very real and treatable. While it is not known what actually causes the attacks there are things thatRead MoreEssay about Anxiety Disorder1082 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety Disorder What is Anxiety? As defined by Understanding Psychology by Glencoe, Anxiety is a general state of dread or uneasiness that a person feels in response to a real or imagined danger. Anxiety affects 19 million Americans annually and anxiety disorder happens to be the most common mental illness in America. There are many different types of anxiety disorder such as: Panic Disorder, Obsessive – Compulsion Disorder, Phobias, and a few more. Although there is no cure for anxiety disordersRead MoreMovie Review : What About Bob 1504 Words   |  7 PagesNick Freeman PSYC 281 Writing Assignment: Film Review What About Bob? â€Å"What About Bob?† focuses on Bob Wiley, a severely distressed man with a number of easily identifiable symptoms. Wiley’s primary issues are related to anxiety; he has a number of phobias, including agoraphobia and a strong fear of disease and germs. His fear of germs and disease is so strong that he has difficulty touching things; he often uses a cloth to touch objects to avoid skin-to-object contact. Wiley is generally waryRead MoreIrrational Fears: Agoraphobia Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesKlasco (2011), psychological disorders are abnormalities of the mind that result in persistent behavior patterns that can have an impact on daily tasks and life in general. There are many different groups of psychological disorders, one of those being anxiety disorders, which King (2013) states features motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts (p. 448). There are also many subgroups of anxiety disorders, including phobic disorders, in which agoraphobia is included

The Events Of World War I - 1245 Words

Certain aspects of German society following the events of World War I became radically unstable. Such instability from 1918 to 1923, led to a series of economical, political and social crises, which would drastically change the country. Certain parts of the country were highly progressive, while other parts remained true to right wing beliefs, and as a result, coexistence proved to be too difficult. While Germany was having its own civil issues stemming from internal unrest, outside factors would also greatly influenced the crises which would call into question the future of Germany. Although one single issue cannot be determined as the sole cause of the crises, the major influences which factored into the upending of German society can be†¦show more content†¦The result of so much fighting had left a significant gap in the workforce, as half of the agricultural force was occupied with battling. The labor shortage had began to disturb the economy, however, to make up for the lack of men working, women flooded the factories. According to Bernd Widding, â€Å"By 1917, over 700,000 women worked in the engineering, metallurgical, iron and steel, chemical and mining industries, six times more than in 1913.† Nevertheless, such a drastic change left many men upset, as they did not want the women to become a permanent part of the workforce. A trend towards empowering women would continue, as the first national election in 1919 would lead to a new progressive government. The new government would push for modernistic ideas, which would allow for women to vote, as well as hold office. Various other social changes took place, as Weimar became the first welfare state. Such changes, however, were not accepted by everyone. While areas such as Berlin flourished with diversity and modernity, other areas of the country were swarming with right wing, old military members. As Eric Weitz stated, â€Å"The capital city was the symbol and pacesetter. For the rest of Germany it was too far in front. It was a magnet that attracted ambitious and talent people from all over the country and beyond, but also inspired dread and loathing. Yet it mirrored Weimar Germany in one, absolutely essential fashion: no single group, no individual, could claimShow MoreRelatedThe Events Of World War I1178 Words   |  5 PagesHow One Thing Led to Another; WWI No single person or event caused the Great War. However, there were many factors that contributed to the world’s first war. The events that started World War I were a case of one thing led to another(CITE). Many agree that the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, ultimately led to the beginning of World War I. The major causes of the World War I were embedded deep in European history during the previous 19th century. It really all began during the 1800Read MoreThe Events Of World War I1684 Words   |  7 Pagescase with many wars, a foundation has to be set before the situation can escalate into a fully fledged war. Some concede that ephemeral events just before the outbreak of war are more inciteful of the fighting rather than long held animosity between nations. Others hold credence in the idea that wars often begin long before the first shot is fired, with their sole reason for starting being traced back to previous conflicts and tensions with other countries. The tensions of World War I could be observedRead MoreThe Events Of World War I Essay2015 Words   |  9 Pages World War One Name Institutional Affiliation World War One Introduction World War One was a global war that emanated in Europe. The war lasted for four years from 1914 to 1918. More than seven million civilians and 9.5 million military fighters died during the war. The war resulted in a political shift in the nations that were involved. The war left the world’s strongest countries polarized into two camps, the Allies and the Central Powers of Austria-Hungary and Germany. Read MoreThe Events Of The World War I1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe events of 6th June 1944 is widely regarded as one of the most significant things that led to the success of the Allies in World War 1. It did not only allow them the start the liberation of Eastern Europe but also reach Berlin to end the reign of the Nazis and Adolf Hitler over Europe. However there are other battles (Stalingrad, the Battle of Britain etc.) that could have been just as significant as D-Day. From the beginning of the Allied planning the collectively realised that it would notRead MoreThe Events Of World War I Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War One was many years in the making with separate incidences occurring between the empires that ultimately lead up to war beginning. With many powerful empires on edge and wanting to be the most powerful, they did whatever they could to make this happen. The First World War was not sparked by one event or motive, but in turn was started due to many major factors. The war’s blame can be placed on all of the countries involved, rather than solely Germany. These factors from World War One wereRead MoreThe Events During The World War I1662 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The First World War went down in history as one of the worst wars ever to be fought, owing to the magnitude of destruction and loss of life it left in its wake. The war started in 1914 ending in 1919, and has been described variously as the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Great Warà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the War of Nationsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½War to End All Warsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. (Dwight E, 1966) It was fought by many nations around the world, with Europeans being the main players, and is very significant for the way it shaped the continents yearsRead MoreEvents and Treaties of World War I1317 Words   |  5 Pagescurrently discussing the events and treaties of World War 1. I found this subject very interesting and the fact that many soldiers suffered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder piqued my curiosity. My teacher discussed how towards the end of the war soldiers portrayed symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and often fled during war which led to most of them being captured by their government and killed. I want to learn more about this topic because it is very interesting to me. I also want to learnRead MoreEvents Leading up to World War I1291 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing agitation for war (cnparm). The German Army opens an anti-Russian Press campaign on the 11th and 22nd of March, a German newspaper predicts that â€Å"a war, the like of which history ha s never seen, is approaching† (cnparm). In April, the influential Pan-German League warns that â€Å"France and Russia are preparing for the decisive struggle with Germany and Austria-Hungary and they intend to strike at the first opportunity† (cnparm). â€Å"When May arrives, the last pre-war staff talks take placeRead MoreWorld War I: Description of Key Events Essay655 Words   |  3 Pagesmountain-top. The hill was significant, due to the fact that the Central Powers could identify the Ally soldiers from kilometres away and therefore easily prepare for battle. Vimy Ridge is significant to our understanding of Canada because this was the event where Canada showed that they were worthy of independence from Britain. The Canadians proved to be an effective and formidable group that deserved sovereignty and respect. Nationalism Nationalism is the belief that one’s nation is superior in all waysRead MoreWhat Events Drew The United States Into World War I988 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved that World War I was initialized by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, others believe that there were a number of issues that played into the start of the war. There are said to be four areas that played into the cause of World War I, including the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the other three are imperialism, militarism, and nationalism. In this paper, we will discuss all of these areas to see how they played a part. We will also discuss what events drew the United

Estimation Free Essays

Kiandria Grissett Business Math-7 4 / 20 / 2013 Estimation 1. Discuss at least two â€Å"real world† examples in which you use estimation in your daily life. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Estimation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discuss from your examples how estimating can have negative effects if you over or under estimated. 3. Think of an example in a real world scenario when a company or organization might use estimation and have negative or devastating results. One real world example I would like to discuss is how many minutes it takes me to get up and be at the marina at 11am. I work on Baldhead Island which means I have to catch a ferry to get to work. Each ferry leaves every half hour and not a minute late and I have to be there before 11am. I usually estimate my time right on point I wake up at 9:30 am it usually takes me 20 to 30 minutes or less to take a shower, get dressed, brush my teeth, and do my hair. I leave my house no later than 10:15 am which puts me at the marina at 10:45 am waiting on the boat. Another example that I would like to discuss is getting my boyfriend back and forth to court when he has it being that he is from another county in the state of North Carolina and it takes us at least an hour and forty-five minutes to get there. When he does have court it usually takes in at 8am. We usually wake up at 6:20am (I know we are pushing it on the time) get dresses, feed the dogs and are out getting gas no later than 6:40am. We make this long drive down the interstate driving 80 to 85 miles an hour just to make it to court by roll call but for some odd reason we always make it on time. That’s what I call good estimation. Some negative effects when over and under estimating are sometimes had to tell because you never know what may be going on, on the highway. Let’s dig into over estimating I think can be a good thing which means you are where you need to be early enough so that you are not rushing. It can also be a bad thing because if I leave my house too early and the ferry is running late this means I may have to sit there for three maybe four hours waiting on a ferry which makes me miss money from work. Under estimating is always a bad thing because you really don’t want to be late for anything that is important point blank period. Being that I live twenty minutes from the ferry I have to drive thru another town to get to the marina. Sometimes this town is very busy because they always have cook-offs, parades, and sometimes just traffic from the outage. So under estimating for me sometimes is a no, no because I never know how traffic is going to be. An real world example scenario being that I am a cosmetologist and I use to work in a hair salon and some specials we use to run were negative because it use to bring a lot of business but when the specials were over it was like back to running a slow salon. I think it was devastating to the owner because she was estimating that she had a great salon and a good location and it would bring a lot of clientele but because this town is so small I tried to explain to her some of these people don’t like to change up their stylist because they have been going to them for a long time. So she estimated by running specials it would bring customers and keep them coming but she was sadly mistaken. How to cite Estimation, Papers

Has Texting Killed Romance Essay Example For Students

Has Texting Killed Romance Essay Has Texting Killed Romance Has texting really killed romance? In the digital age we live in it is possible that romance is being killed by texting. It used to be that boy met girl and they exchanged phone numbers. They talked and talked to friends, if all went well a date was arranged. As said by Ashton Kutcher in his article it used to be simple, you would ask a girl for her number, you would talk and would go out, but in this digital age we live in its simpler to Just text instead of meeting up. Texting mitigates the risks of early failure and eliminates those deafening moments of silence. Basically people prefer to text because no one wants to be rejected, it would make everything awkward, thats why we relay on texting because its a simple way of finding romance. Hiding behind the cloak of digital text and spell-check to present superior versions of ourselves. We sometimes pro-Jet our selves as better people when we text. With spell check it makes people more superior. Like what Ashton said A hand written letter is greater than ever. Its personal and deliberate and means more than an email or text ever will. It shows our flaws. A hand written letter means more then anything digital. It shows the person your flaws the willingness to look foolish, the courage to say, This is me, and Im interested in you enough to show you my flaws. Well put by Ashton. Multiple studies have shown that the average man uses about alf as many words per day as women, thus text message. I was very surprised to he about this study, its crazy how texting has taken over everyones social life. As said in a CNN article six billion. SMS are sent everyday and 8. 6 trillion per year as said by Portio Research. And this number is growing. I agree with Ashton, texting is or has already killed romance. We relay mostly on our phones to meet people and talk to them instead of meeting face to face. Lets face it Texting has killed romance.

Bill Gates Essay Research Paper BirdBill GatesType free essay sample

Bill Gates Essay, Research Paper Bird Bill Gates Type ALT+F+X to go out Edit What # 8217 ; s New for the Windows 98 Startup Disk? The Startup Disk has changed significantly for Windows 98. The following points are new for Windows 98. MULTI-CONFIG START MENU REAL-MODE CD-ROM Drivers EBD.CAB File RAMDRIVE Windows 98 STARTUP PROBLEMS Exploitation THE TOOLS AVAILABLE ON THE STARTUP DISK MULTI-CONFIG START MENU ======================= If you boot your computing machine utilizing the new Windows 98 Startup Disk, a boot bill of fare appears leting you the option to burden drivers for the most common Cd-rom thrusts or execute a normal clean boot. After you make your choice, the Config.sys file loads the appropriate CD-ROM driver ( if selected ) and so loads a 2MB RAMDrive. The RAMDrive is used to hive away all the diagnostic tools necessary to trouble-shoot the most common jobs. Note: The RAMdrive may do your CD-Rom to force back 1 thrust missive. We will write a custom essay sample on Bill Gates Essay Research Paper BirdBill GatesType or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If your CD-Rom is normally drive D: , it will now be Drive Tocopherol: . REAL-MODE CD-ROM SUPPORT ======================== The Windows 98 Statup Disk includes generic ATAPI IDE A ; SCSI CD-ROM drivers that let your CD-ROM to map at Dos when the Windows 98 GUI is non available. Note: Not all CD-Rom thrusts are supported. If your CD-Rom thrust does non map with these drivers, you must utilize the drivers that came with your CD-Rom thrust. EBD.CAB FILE ============ The Ebd.cab file is a tight file whose contents are extracted to the Ramdrive during the startup procedure. The tabular array below identifies the files in the Ebd.cab file. File Function Attrib.exe Add or take file properties Chkdsk.exe A simpler and smaller disc position tool Debug.exe Debugging public-service corporation Edit.com Real-mode exigency text editor Ext.exe New, simple file extract public-service corporation Format.com Disk format tool Mscdex.exe Microsoft CD-ROM file extension for MS-DOS Scandisk.exe Disk position tool Scandisk.ini Disk position tool constellation file Sys.com Transfers system files and do disc bootable Uninstal.exe A tool to take Windows 98 from the system and return the system to its old province CREATING A RAMDRIVE =================== The RAMDrive is created during the processing of the Config.sys file and is 2MB in size. The Ramdrive is created utilizing system RAM to emulate a physical Difficult Disk. Without making the RAMdrive, we would non hold adequate infinite on a individual 1.44 million floppy disc to incorporate all the diagnostic tools every bit good as the CD-Rom drivers. Warning: Since the RAMDrive is created during the processing of the Config.sys file and uses System RAM, it is merely impermanent. It will vanish if you restart your computing machine usually. List OF ALL COMPONENTS ON THE EBD ================================= The following tabular array describes the map of each file copied to the EBD. File Function Aspi2dos.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Aspi4dos.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Aspi8dos.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Aspi8u2.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Aspicd.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Autoexec.bat Startup batch file Btcdrom.sys Mylex/BusLogic CD-ROM driver Btdosm.sys Mylex/BusLogic CD-ROM driver Command.com Command translator Config.sys Loads the device drivers Drvspace.bin Microsoft DriveSpace compaction driver Ebd.cab Cab file incorporating extract public-service corporations Ebd.sys File placing the ESD Extract.exe File to spread out the Ebd.cab file Fdisk.exe Disk divider tool Findramd.exe Utility to happen the RAMDrive during startup Flashpt.sys Mylex/BusLogic CD-ROM driver Himem.sys XMS Memory Manager Io.sys System boot file Msdos.sys Boot option information ( waies, multiboot, and so on ) Oakcdrom.sys Generic device driver for ATAPI CD-ROM thrusts Ramdrive.sys Creates a Ramdrive during startup Setramd.bat Searches for first available thrust to be a Ramdrive WINDOWS 98 STARTUP PROBLEMS =========================== This subdivision includes some common troubleshooting stairss that can be used when it # 8217 ; s necessary to utilize the Windows 98 Startup Disk. These stairss are designed to acquire the user at least into Safe-Mode where you have entree to Windows 98 extended HELP system to farther troubleshoot any issues. Get downing Your Computer in Safe Mode # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; There are several grounds why Windows 98 may neglect to get down decently. The first measure in trouble-shooting is to seek get downing your computing machine in Safe Mode. If Safe Mode plants, you can so utilize the extended Aid system and trouble shooters located in the Start menu/Help option. ***To get down your computing machine in Safe Manner: 1. Remove the Startup Disk and re-start your computing machine. After the computing machine restarts but before Windows Begins to burden, hold down the CTRL key until the Microsoft Windows 98 Startup Menu appears. ( If you are running Windows 95, imperativeness the F8 key at the # 8220 ; Get downing Windows 95 # 8243 ; motivate. ) 2. From the Startup bill of fare, choice Safe Mode. If you can get down your computing machine in Safe Mode, usage Windows 98 Aid to decide your original issue. Setup Fails and the Computer Will Not Get down # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; There are a few common grounds why Windows 98 Apparatus may neglect to finish successfully. The following subdivision explains what you can make to retrieve from these state of affairss. For more information on other Setup jobs, see the Setup.txt file in the Win98 booklet of your Windows 98 Cadmium or Setup Disk # 1. If you encounter any of these mistakes messages while running Apparatus: * Invalid System Disk * Incorrect MS-DOS Version * Missing or Corrupted Command.com * Compression Driver mistakes It is likely that your computing machine # 8217 ; s startup thrust may demand updated system files. You can utilize the SYS bid to copy the needful files to your computing machine. Note: If you are presently lading compaction package, you will necessitate to cognize your host thrust missive. This is typically H. If you are non lading any compaction package, so you will necessitate to SYS your C thrust. ***To use the SYS bid to copy system files to your computing machine: 1. Restart your computing machine utilizing the Windows 98 Startup Disk, choice option 2 on the Startup bill of fare, and so imperativeness ENTER. 2. At the Angstrom: prompt, type: SYS Ten: ( where X is your Host or Startup thrust ) . 3. If the process is successful, a # 8220 ; System transferred # 8221 ; message appears. If it is non successful, look into to be sure you are typing the right thrust missive for your Host Drive. IMPORTANT: If you have installed package that came with your difficult thrust, be certain to read the certification that depict how to get down your computing machine utilizing a floppy disc. Antivirus Software # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; If antivirus plans are left running during Setup, they may forestall Setup from decently updating the system files. If this occurs, disable or uninstall the antivirus plan, and so run Setup once more. Note: Some computing machines have constitutional antivirus package. This constitutional package should besides be disabled before running Setup. If the package is left enabled, you may have a warning message informing you that the Master Boot Record has changed. If you see such a message, you MUST accept these alterations or Apparatus may halt responding. Setup Stops Responding During Hardware Detection # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; If Setup stops reacting while it is observing the hardware in your computing machine, turn your computing machine off and delay a few seconds, so turn it back on. You may necessitate to make this several times, because Setup could halt reacting during several different detectio n faculties. Note: Use the power switch to turn your computing machine wholly away. Do non utilize the reset button or imperativeness CTRL+ALT+DELETE to re-start your computing machine. If Setup still fails to finish successfully, it may be necessary to get down your computing machine in Safe Mode so that you can see the Help subjects associated with hardware sensing. Compressed Drives Not Mounted # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; There are several grounds why compressed thrusts may non be accessible. If your Windows directory is on a compressed thrust that is non mounted, you will non be able to get down Windows. If you suspect jobs with your compressed thrusts, seek utilizing Scandisk to repair them. From the Angstrom: prompt, type: Scandisk /Mount Ten: where Ten is the drive missive of the tight thrust. ScanDisk will so try to mend any mistakes and mount the thrust. If there is non adequate memory to look into your tight thrusts, see # 8220 ; Installing Windows 98 from MS-DOS, # 8221 ; in the Setup.txt file on Setup Disk 1 or the Windows 98 Cadmium. USING THE TOOLS AVAILABLE ON THE STARTUP DISK ============================================= This subdivision decribes how to utilize some of the public-service corporations included with the Windows 98 Startup Disk. To run each plan you should make the followers: 1. Put the Windows 98 Startup Disk in the floppy disc thrust, and so re-start your computing machine. 2. At the Startup bill of fare, choice option 1 or 2 ( depending upon whether you need CD-ROM entree ) , and so imperativeness ENTER. 3. At the MS-DOS bid prompt ( A: ) , type the name of the public-service corporation you wish to run, and so imperativeness ENTER. SCANDISK.EXE and CHKDSK.EXE # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; These two plans are utile for look intoing your hard disc for mistakes. If you suspect there may be file corruptness or other jobs with your difficult disc ( s ) , run ScanDisk to look into for and repair mistakes. To look into all your difficult discs for mistakes, type: Scandisk /all To execute a full surface scan of your difficult disc ( s ) for maximal protection against informations loss, type: Scandisk /all /Surface Note: You may have mistakes about Long File Names. The MS-DOS version of ScanDisk can merely observe jobs with long file names, it can non repair them. To rectify these types of mistakes, you must run ScanDisk from within Windows 98. Note: If you have any tight thrusts, you may have an mistake message saying that there is non adequate memory to look into your tight thrusts. To work out this job, seek get downing your computing machine with the Windows 98 Startup Disk, as described in Step 1, earlier in this subdivision. Select option 2. This may let ScanDisk adequate memory to look into your tight thrusts. If ScanDisk is unable to look into your thrusts, seek utilizing CHKDSK.EXE alternatively. CHKDSK will look into for cross-linked files and lost allotment units. SYS.COM ======= The SYS bid is used to copy system files from one disc to another. Your computing machine needs these system files to get down. ***To SYS your C thrust, type: SYS C: and so imperativeness ENTER. After a few seconds, a # 8220 ; System Transferred # 8221 ; message appears. The undermentioned files are copied to your difficult disc during the SYS process: * IO.SYS * MSDOS.SYS * COMMAND.COM If the SYS C: bid does non work and you have a tight thrust, you may necessitate to type the thrust missive of your host thrust. With the DblSpace or DrvSpace plans, the host thrust is typically designated thrust H. If you are non certain of the thrust missive, run ScanDisk and see if it prompts you about your tight thrust. FDISK.EXE and FORMAT.EXE # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; FDISK and FORMAT are public-service corporations necessary for put ining a new difficult disc in your computing machine or for get downing over fresh with a clean disc. FDISK is used foremost to make a divider and so FORMAT is used to do the divider available for usage. Warning: Exploitation FDISK falsely can destruct all informations on your difficult disc. If you are diffident of how to utilize FDISK, consult your computing machine certification. You can utilize the Windows 98 version of FDISK to make FAT32 dividers on thrusts over 512 Ms in size. FAT32 reduces the bunch size for big thrusts and allows you to make individual dividers on thrusts over 2 GB. To see your current thrust position, type FDISK /STATUS at the MS-DOS bid prompt. After you have partitioned a thrust utilizing FDISK, you will demand to utilize the FORMAT bid. To arrange a freshly partitioned thrust, type: FORMAT Ten: Where Ten represents the missive of the thrust that you privation to arrange. If you want to arrange drive C, you need to do this disc a system disc so that your computing machine can get down. To make this, type /s at the terminal of the FORMAT bid. For illustration: FORMAT C: /s System Startup files will be automatically copied after your thrust is formatted. CD-ROM Drivers # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; The Windows 98 Startup Disk includes a set of generic CD-ROM drivers. These drivers work with most IDE ATAPI and SCSI CD-ROM theoretical accounts. If your peculiar CD-ROM thrust does non work with these drivers, you will necessitate to utilize the drivers that came with your CD-ROM thrust. Following are some known issues about the CD-ROM drivers: 1. CD-ROM thrusts connected to sound cards may non work decently. 2. Early proprietary CD-ROM thrusts ( for illustration, Mitsumi, Panasonic, Sony ) may non work with these drivers. Some older IDE accountants may neglect every bit good. 3. The SCSI drivers on the Startup Disk support most Adaptec, Buslogic, and Mylex arrangers. Some other SCSI CD-ROM thrusts may non work with the drivers on the Startup Disk. 4. If your SCSI accountant is configured for a non-default I/O scope, the drivers may non observe your SCSI card. Consult your SCSI driver certification for the default I/O ranges for your card. 5. Drivers are non included for any PC Card ( PCMCIA ) CD-ROM thrusts. UNINSTAL.EXE # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; If you need to take Windows 98 from your system, you can utilize the real-mode uninstall public-service corporation included on the Windows 98 Startup Disk. IMPORTANT: If you did non take the option to # 8220 ; Save System Files # 8221 ; during Setup, so you will be unable to usage this public-service corporation. ***To use the uninstall public-service corporation, execute the followers stairss: 1. Restart your computing machine with the Windows 98 Startup Disk, select option 2, and so imperativeness ENTER. 2. At the MS-DOS bid prompt, type UNINSTAL, and so imperativeness ENTER. Note: If you see the message # 8220 ; WINUNDO.DAT is losing or corrupt, # 8221 ; you can non uninstall this version of Windows 98. EXT.EXE # 8212 ; # 8212 ; The EXT bid is used in concurrence with the Extract.exe public-service corporation to do it easier to pull out Windows 98 files to your difficult disc. You can utilize this to replace losing or damaged files. This public-service corporation is highly utile if you are having mistakes during startup about losing files, or executing mistakes such as General Protection Faults or invalid page mistakes. ***To usage Ext.exe to pull out a file, execute the followers stairss: 1. Use the Startup Disk to get down your computing machine. Choose option 1, and so imperativeness ENTER. 2. Make certain the Windows 98 Cadmium is inserted in the thrust. 3. Type EXT at the MS-DOS bid prompt, and so imperativeness ENTER. 4. Follow the prompts to bespeak the location of the Windows 98 Setup files, the files you wish to pull out, and the location in which you want to put the extracted files. Note: If your CD-ROM drive missive is E, so type the location to the Setup files as Tocopherol: WIN98. Note: If you wish to pull out more than one file at a clip, you can utilize wild card characters.

Misery-----Night by Elie Wiesel essays

Misery-Night by Elie Wiesel essays The autobiographical novel Night, by Elie Wiesel, describes his horrifying experiences and his physical and mental misery throughout the true event of the Holocaust. The American Heritage Dictionary defines the word misery as prolonged or extreme suffering. This word fits this horrible tale of murder and inhumanity to man perfectly. Elie suffers physical misery by starvation and certain types of tortures. Prior to his placement into the concentration camps, Elie always had food to eat everyday. Talking about his hunger, he says At about noon they brought us soup: a plate of thick soup for each person. Tormented though I was by hunger, I refused to touch it. I was still the spoiled child I had always been. My father swallowed my ration(39). During the transporting of the captives to Buchenwald, German workmen throw pieces of bread into one of the prison cars for entertainment. The prisoners become barbaric, trying for the scarce amount of nourishment. One man, desperately hungry, kills his own father for a piece of bread. The prisoners seemed to transfer into a pack of savage wolves, fighting each other for survival. One example of the heinous acts of the Germans that stands out occurs at the end of the war, when Elie and the rest of the camp of Buna is being forced to transfer to Gleiwitz. This long, arduous, and tiring transfer seemed like a journey for all of those involved. The painfully cold weather and snow falling heavily did not make the trip much easier. The distance that most people today would not even dream of walking does not even compare to the extensive distance that the prisoners traveled. The Kapo officers, whom controlled the prisoners, often forced the huge mass of people to run, and if one collapses, gets injured, or just simply can no longer bear the pain, they are shot or trampled without pity. In his novel, Elie says Beneath our feet someone let out a rattli ...

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Assignment 1 - Essay Example to be comfortable, relaxed and informal, lots of discussions with everyone participating, teammates are free to express their feelings and ideas as well(West,2012).On the other hand an ineffective team is characterized by low unity as pertains team purpose, team seems to stay away from discussing its maintenance, there is an atmosphere of indifference in the group characterized by tension or boredom, an individual’s personal feelings are usually concealed, and there is no proper resolution of disagreements by the team (Zepeda, 2004). On their first meeting, each member should introduce himself/herself, share information in regard to their backgrounds, experience and interests. This assists in breaking the ice and letting team members learn more about each other. The team should also learn about what their project is all about as well as discuss the project’s goals/objectives and begin thinking about the various role(s) each will play in the team. When a conflict occurs within a team, the group leader should take firm control and should not allow others to begin wading into the argument by way of interrupting other speakers. All team members should remain silent and listen to their leader no matter how heated the conflict is. In order for a team to be effective it must be efficient, productive and cohesive and members must enjoy taking part in their various roles as well as working harmoniously together. The team must therefore be cohesive with all team members working together cooperatively and sharing co mmon resources and objectives (Zepeda, 2004).The leader in this case plays the role of building relationship of loyalty and trust rather than that of fear. The leader should be the harmonizing influence and should communicate clearly, facilitate communication as well as encourage all the team members to reveal and share information. Team members on the other hand should brainstorm, listen to their leader and each other, and obey the ground rules set by the

Accounting assignment ( memo to the manager ) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting ( memo to the manager ) - Assignment Example The market it covers expands from Middle East to North Africa and all the way up to North America. The company has its offices in a number of countries including United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Egypt, Pakistan, Turkey,  China, USA, Canada and United Kingdom. Emaar has consistently maintained its financial position and stability. The numbers on the financial statement indicate a slight decline in revenue from 30th September 2007 to 30th September 2008 (1.62%). Although the revenue has declined slightly, the net profit has gone up by (0.4%). This indicates that the cost of revenues has gone down. From the company’s perspective, this shows that they have controlled on their costs. However, an interesting feature to note in the financial statements is that ‘selling, general and administrative expenses’ form a considerable portion of the overall expenditure both in 2007 and in 2008. Moreover, the ratio of selling and administrative expenses to the gross profit stands out to be (29.5%) and (29.1%) in 2007 and 2008 respectively. This indicates a very high proportion and is reducing the profitability considerably. In order to control these expenses, we first need to analyze the composition of these expenses. Selling, general and administrative is the sum of all direct and indirect selling expenses and all general and administrative expenses incurred by a company. Selling expenses are of two types, direct and indirect. Direct ones are those which can be linked with the sale of a specific unit. This would include warranty, advertisement or credit expenses. Indirect ones are those which cannot be allocated to a sale of a specific unit but is applied to all units in proportion. This would include telephone and postal charges. Whereas, general and administrative expenses include other expenses such as rent, heating, lighting and salaries of non-sales personnel (Investopedia). High SG&A expenses can be

LAW FOR BUSINESS Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

LAW FOR BUSINESS Assignment - Essay Example Thus the law on tort has allowed and provided compensation in respect of economic losses that arise directly out of the physical loss, which has not been problematic, but there have been instances when a causal link with the injury and the economic loss could not be made. (Pritchard v. Cobden)1. The problem that lies is in the compensation for losses which are financial or pecuniary in nature, or in other words the loss cannot be in any attributed to or have no connection whatsoever with the personal or physical harm that has been caused to the claimant, this is what has been termed as pure economic loss. These type of losses can include the financial loss or expenditure which resulted from the negligence of the defendant. Therefore for the majority of cases under this head there is an exclusionary rules which bars recovery in these cases and liability is the exception. (Deakin et al 2003) It has been argued that the courts in the instance of personal injury tend to compute loss of f uture earnings which are as difficult to calculate as would be pure economic loss. Furthermore in Canadian National Railway v. ... ment that has been most often cited by the court is that the if the exclusionary rule is not present than the ‘floodgates’ in respect of such liability would open, whereby there would endless claims against the defendants. This has been argued to be a weak argument because extensive liabilities can be found in respect of claims of physical damage for example large scale pollution. (Elliott et al 2007) A better argument in that respect would be the fact that if such an open ended duty of care is imposed in respect of economic loss then there remains the danger of indeterminate liability that is unpredictability in respect of the number of claimants as well as the size of claim. An important example that has been given in this respect is where due to an accident on the highway the motorist who was negligent is held to owe a duty to all those who were stuck in a traffic jam as a result of the accident in respect of their loss of earnings. (J.Stapleton, ‘Duty of Care a nd Economic Loss- A Wider Agenda’)3. Therefore a line of exclusion has been drawn. There has been an argument from Professor Feldthusen that all cases in respect of pure economic loss should not be covered under one heading and therefore a disctinction in this respect should be made for each area. Question 2Â   In the case of Hedley Byrne v. Heller4 the courts did not find any negligence misstatement because of the fact that there had been a disclaimer in the remarks that is the term without responsibility whereby the possibility of a duty of care was extinguished.The position in respect of accountant’s liability can be seen from the decision of House of Lords in Caparo v. Dickman5 whereby for the establishment of a duty of care a reformed three stage test was laid down. The first requirement was

Constructing Flyovers At Sri Lankan Traffic Jammed Areas Construction Essay

Constructing Flyovers At Sri Lankan Traffic Jammed Areas Construction Essay An efficient transport network is the backbone of a healthy economy. As SriLankans most of our productivity is lost due to the inefficient and congested road network. One of the recent additions for traffic management and to alleviate congestion in colombo city and its suburbs has been the introduction of flyovers at important intersections of the main road corridors. The main function of a flyover is the separation of conflicting traffic movements thereby minimizing conflicts by using the vertical space. Therefore, it is assumed to cause less impact to the adjacent properties and the existing infrastructure. However, this depends on the type of flyover and the traffic pattern at the junction. 2. The efficiency of the recently introduced flyovers in the suburbs of the city of colombo can be tested by comparing before and after conditions of important traffic engineering parameters. It is also important to analyze the congestion level at the intersection and its significance compared to the entire road system. Basically the speed and the system capacity can be compared as main considerations to test this at a particular location. Moreover, the benefits and cost of a flyover against other reasonable and alternatives to obtain a similar result should be taken in to consideration and evaluated. In this research has attempted to compare the economic benefits of introducing flyovers against other short term and long term alternatives. The possible solutions available both from traffic and transport aspects are also widely discussed in my research. 3. The first of the series of large scale flyovers introduced to Sri Lanka recently are located across main railway lines in and around colombo. The first of these was a concrete cantilever type flyover in Ragama. This was constructed in 1996 in order to avoid the delay caused by the railway gate closures at the main line. A second flyover was completed along the baseline Road area. Dematagoda which was also across the main railway line in year 2000 to prevent the stagnation of vehicles on the Base line road. This was a 6 lane viaduct (culvert) type concrete structure. The 3rd flyover, which is a steel structure, was constructed in 2008 at Kelaniya within a record period of just 66 days; this was also to avoid the delay from the main railway line across the colombo-Kandy Road. The main purpose for the construction of all these flyovers was to reduce delays caused to vehicle traffic due to the closures of rail gates and reduction of accidents. 4. The latest flyover was constructed at Nugegoda junction in 2009. This is the first flyover at a road intersection, constructed in order to reduce intersection delays in Nugegoda. This too is a steel structure. 5. From the above details we could basically divide flyovers in SriLanka in to two main categories, a. Those across railway lines (railway overpasses) and b. those across road intersections resulting in grade separations. 6. The comparisons of key performance factors such as speed, safety, and economic cost with or without the flyover can be analyzed for both categories. Also, the economic viability of each category could be tested by comparing the cost and the benefits of the design life of each flyover. Selection of the type of flyover and its design are also of interest. In this respect, the comparison between cost, life time, possibility of land use, space utilization as well as the visual and function impacts on the area would be considered as being relevant decision making parameters for the selection of the type of flyover. CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY AIM The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the issues related the construction of flyovers at the traffic jammed areas in colombo district, How to improve finds the achievements and drawbacks being available in the flyovers. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 2. The growth of population, economy and as a result of the prevailing economic policy, the number of motor transport is increasing daily but the road network has not developed in such a manner to cater for the increasing requirement creating a great impact on the growth of our economy. Similarly the inefficiency of public passenger transportation combines together with this, as it is the mode of travel used by the general public for day to day activities. 3. Moreover Improvements to Public Transportation can reduce traffic congestion by attracting car and other motorized users to bus and train transportation hence can contribute to the economy in long term by reduce fuel consumption, efficient use of road and vehicle fleet, reduced accidents, etc. Increasing of private motorized vehicles by widening and improving more capacity to it will create further problems to the traffic environment in future. Hence, the concern of more tax and quota system to reduce vehicle ownership will help to reduce the vehicle growth rate. But at the same time government should improve public transportation to satisfactorily for the convenience of all users. 4. On the other hand very expensive infrastructure will negatively impact to the economy of a country as they lose the power for expenditure to other important needs at the same time hence the inflation rate would be unbearable if they are already have economic crisis. Therefore, injection of local funding to huge infrastructure which will produce marginal benefits is a waste for a nation. However, the flyovers also can be constructed using reinforced concrete structures too at lower cost than steel structure presented at placed in Colombo these days. THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 5. It is hypothesized that construction of flyovers at the traffic jammed areas as this is the best remedy for the issue, in this context there is no such requirement for add more kilometers to our road network. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH 6. This research paper examines the lapses in the road network, one of the most recent traffic management methods, Improvements to Public Transportation can reduce traffic congestion and public passenger transportation at present, on its maintenance and existence, and how it affects the economy of our country and the ways available to overcome the problem effectively. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 7. The data for the research is collected both from primary and secondary sources. Primary data The Primary data has been collected from 40 samples in colombo district. Secondary data The data required for the research collected from the secondary sources with relevant Books, RDA/UDA Specialized personals and the Internet utilized. LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH 8. My Limitation is Primary data was collected mainly from questionnaires, it is assumed in the information is 100% correct. Forty consumer of flyover were selected for the study. This also is a limitation in the generalization of the result. GLOBAL EXPERIENCES WITH FLYOVERS 1. Flyovers have been assumed to be an ultimate solution for traffic congestion in the congested cities of developing countries. Large number of flyovers has been constructed in our country in last few years. However, the actual performance of such flyovers is debatable when considering the overall impact to other transport functions such as pedestrian facilities, visual aesthetics and business developments in the locality. There is a strong public perception that flyovers have solved or will solve traffic problems in metropolitan areas.   Therefore, there is no apparent resistance from the public, media, politicians and administrators when flyovers are constructed.   The only resistance comes from the few that are adversely affected, for example, owners/tenants of business establishments, residents and civil institutions.   In response they are often criticized for not being socially conscientious and for being anti-development  since they usually cannot justify their own re asons from a professional point of view and there is no support for them even if hundreds of thousands may even suffer from the adverse effects of such developments.   The position that the interests and convenience of society at large over the inconvenience or losses to a few are often ignored in many countries.   There appears to be no counter to such arguments since there is indeed some logic and truth to it. 2. It has in fact been shown that the convenience of a flyover mainly occurs only during the non-peak hours of traffic flow.   For example, during non-peak hours well-designed at-grade intersections like those in all present flyovers are doing fine as it is only in peak hours that flyovers have a slight advantage. The convenience is also felt only in 2 directions of traffic flow out of a possible 12 directions at an intersection.   These misconceptions have had a great influence on the publics mind that flyovers indeed solve all traffic problems at intersections.   Only in-depth analysis and engineering computations can counter this influence.  For example, our country and in developing countries are examining possibilities of introducing toll systems to recover the huge cost of these flyovers. However there are difficulties in implementing such methods due to the lack of space for toll booths and also the difficulty of imposing this to the users who only have marginal benefits from a single facility within the overall road infrastructure. 3. The experience of our country and in developing countries is that flyovers have not given the anticipated benefits for developing cities. Moreover this has been considered as a threat to the urban architecture as well as the accessibility within the city. Common complaints regarding flyovers are the negligence of public transport, transit facilities, and pedestrian facilities. STUDY AREA 4. In the colombo suburban area there are four flyovers of recent origin. The three (04) railway flyovers namely at Dematagoda, Ragama, Dehiwala and the recently constructed at Pattiya Junction in Kiribathgoda are included in this study Figure 01. The Nugegoda flyover is at a road intersection. This too is included to be discussed separately. The data required for the research collected from the secondary sources with relevant Books, RDA/UDA Specialized personnel and the Internet utilized. ANALYSIS 6. The analysis is carried out under two categories namely flyover performance at road intersection and flyover across the railway lines. FLYOVERS AT ROAD INTERSECTION 7. The travel time data of all the turnings including the through traffic on the flyover at Nugegoda intersection were used to calculate the average (daily average) speed and delay at each approach of road links (Figure 02). Figure 02: Travel Time Survey at Nugegoda Intersection with Flyover 8. The average two way traffic flow speed on each 100 meters segment of all four road approaches (up to 2km) of the Nugegoda flyover. The average speed of road links other than on the flyover includes the signal delay too. 9. It was observed from the above analysis that flyovers at railway crossings give higher benefits when compared to that of road intersections. The comparison of basic values indicates that concrete flyovers are better than that of steel structures. This is evident when the life time and the maintenance of the two types of flyovers are compared. Even though the economic analysis was done for 20 years, the concrete structures can last for more than 50 years without many repairs on it. Therefore the benefits of concrete structures are much more than those indicated in this analysis. 10. The flyover at Nugegoda intersection designed for 20 years. According to the travel time survey data, this flyover indicates the lowest savings. It also has the highest per lane km cost. However, the signalization with improvements to approach links of the intersection as an alternative to the flyover indicates very well. 11. It was observed that the flyover or signalization alone does not solve the traffic congestion at an intersection but that it also needs capacity improvements of approach links for an improvement at that intersection. It can be observed that most of the intersection approaches are often blocked by parked vehicles and other activities such as uncontrolled pedestrian movements and temporary businesses on the walkways. Therefore it is often seen that the existing road infrastructures in urban areas are not properly utilized. The capacity of road links and the intersection can be improved by enhanced traffic management strategies. NEW FLYOVERS PLANNED BUT LACK PROPER PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS 12. It has come into the notice of the Srilanka that in order to improve the transport system the Srilanka government has planned plenty of routines. Integrated multimodal transport system, will play a prominent part in offering an effective public transport service and hopefully will reduce private vehicles. 13. All in all, the main focus is on the development of more roads and more effective mass transportation. Though, there is no emphasis on the common man- the pedestrian- and his requirement for safe problem free movement space. 14. There is no doubt in my mind that with steady increase in the numbers of cars and footpaths, pedestrian space in the colombo city has become increasingly marginalized. In other word, the footpath was meant to be a place for the common man to walk upon and did not belong to the owner of plots adjoining the access road. 15. Theoretically speaking, roads have been widened in Srilanka and flyovers have been built in all the major cities of the country without offering safe and convenient facilities for pedestrian to cross over. The requirement for adequate pedestrian space is an absolute must especially in places where large number of people gets together such as in neighborhood markets and shopping centers specially Dehiwala. 16. Unfortunately, here also, the focus seems to be on providing for the movement of vehicles and the parking of cars. Shoppers dodge their way around moving cars, three-wheelers, motorcycles and accidents are frequent and common. Despite this traders have continued to resist the pedestrianisation of shopping streets fearing loss of business. TRANSPORTABLE ROADWORK TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEM TRAFFIC-RELATED Low-cost traffic signal system for one-way alternating traffic. Easy to control, clearly organized at a glance. Universal in use with power cable, Telephone cable and others. All signal heads uniformity and simple. MODES OF OPERATION: Automatic fixed time mode Automatic green time extension Automatic green on demand All-red in cable and radio mode Manual operation from every signal head possible in cable and radio mode FLYOVER CONSTRUCTION 17. Recent traffic counts have shown that there are in excess of 30,000 vehicles using the roundabout daily at colombo area. The straight-through movement between the east and west sides off the South Ring Road was the highest recorded traffic movement at the roundabout and represents approximately 40% of the total traffic using the roundabout. There was an urgent need for grade separation. 18. Effective traffic management throughout the duration of the project was vital as the same volume of vehicles used the roundabout during construction as they did before construction. From public opinion, traffic management was put in place effectively and major delays were rare. CHAPTER FOUR IDENTIFY MAJOR ISSUES AND DIFFICULTIES UPLIFTING EXISTING ROAD NETWORK AND IDENTIFY EFFECTS SUPPLY AND DEMAND WIDENING WORKS UNDERWAY ON THE WAY TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF LANES. 1. Congestion can be reduced by either increasing road capacity (supply), or by reducing traffic (demand). Capacity can be increased in a number of ways, but needs to take account of hidden demands otherwise it may be used more strongly than anticipated. Critics of the approach of adding capacity have compared it to inducing demand that did not exist before. Reducing road capacity has in turn been attacked as removing free choice as well as increasing travel costs and times. INCREASED SUPPLY CAN INCLUDE: Adding more capacity at bottlenecks (such as by adding more lanes at the expense of parking/harden type shoulders or safety zones, or by removing local obstacles like bridge supports and widening tunnels) Adding more capacity over the whole of a route (generally by adding more lanes) Creating new routes Traffic management improvements REDUCTION OF DEMAND CAN INCLUDE: Vehicle parking or non parking restrictions. Vehicle park or no parking (Ride) facilities allowing parking at a distance and allowing continuation by private and commercial transport or selected lane. Reduction of road capacity to force traffic onto other ways and modes. Road entering fees (Southern highway) charging money for access onto a road/specific area at certain times, congestion levels or for certain road users. Road reserve area, where regulatory restrictions prevent certain types of vehicles from driving under certain circumstances or in certain areas. Rule/Policy approaches, which usually attempt to provide either strategic alternatives or which encourage greater usage of existing alternatives through promotion, subsidies or restrictions. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 2. Global positioning system (GPS) devices are used to determine global locations points, which are measured and recorded as Longitude (E), Latitude (S), and Elevation/Altitude (meters above sea level). Anyway before commencement of a GPS survey must be required checklist. Traffic monitoring, via radio, GPS or possibly mobile type phones, to advise road users. Fluctuate type message installed along the roadway, to advise road users. Navigation or clear identifying system possibly linked up to automatic traffic reporting. Traffic monitoring / analyzing permanently installed, to provide real-time traffic counts. Road traffic monitoring/Analysis, to provide information on highway. Computerized highway system, a future idea which could reduce the safe interval between cars (required for braking in emergencies) and increase highway capacity by as much as 100% while increasing travel speeds. Parking area and guidance with information systems providing dynamic advice to motorists about free parking. Active vehicle controlling (Critical situation) system hard area (Parking, bus halt) as an extra traffic lane, it uses CCTV and monitor the traffics use of the extra lane. OTHER ASSOCIATED 3. Other associated are, School time (Start/End) arranged to avoid busy time traffic. Driving behavior promotion and enforcement moreover driving practices, frequent lane such as security or school hrs etc changes can reduce a roads capacity and exacerbate jams. Visual/Sound barriers such as horn CGR gate bell ringing etc; to prevent drivers from slowing down out of curiosity. Condition of speed reductions, showing speed limit, humps etc with lower speeds allowing cars to drive closer together, this increases the capacity of a road. 4. Moreover where space-efficient vehicles, usually motor bike, three-wheels and cars ride or drive in the allocated space between cars, buses, and trucks specially peek hrs. This is however illegal in many countries as it is perceived as a safety risk. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES DURING THE FLYOVER Acceptable and accepted only rail borne modes can in practice get people out of cars. Smooth no violent movements vertically, laterally, or backwards/forwards. Comfortable Re-assuring tram lines (New proposal year 2009 but not succeeded) give confidence that service operates. Safe many times safer than vehicle travel. Speedy short journey times can be achieve. Compatible with pedestrians in pedestrianised areas. Clean and green enhances the environment no emissions at street level. Avoids traffic congestion through segregation and priority. 5. Roads including highways with grade separation generally allow traffic to move freely, with fewer interruptions, and at higher overall speeds; this is why speed limits are typically higher for grade-separated roads. In addition, less conflict between traffic movements reduces the capacity for accidents. Motorways, though having higher average speeds, usually have much lower accident rates per distance traveled than roads which are not grade separated. 6. However, grade-separated junctions are very space-intensive, complicated, and costly, due to the need for large physical structures such as tunnels, ramps, and bridges. Their height can be obtrusive, and this, combined with the large traffic volumes that grade-separated roads attract, tends to make them unpopular to nearby landowners and residents. New grade-separated road plans can receive significant opposition from local groups for these reasons. 7. Rail-over-rail grade separations take up less space than road grade separations, because shoulders are not needed, there are generally fewer branches and side road connections to accommodate (because a partial grade separation will accomplish more improvement than for a road), and because at-grade railway connections often take up significant space on their own. However, they require significant engineering effort, and are very expensive and time-consuming to construct. 8. Rail-over-road grade separations require very little additional space because no connections need be built, but require significant engineering effort and are expensive and time-consuming to construct above. 9. Many closures from 1990 to 2010 happened, and many people thought that it was the beginning of the Colombo, Galle, Kandy vehicles, but the situation changed after 1990. Large number of automobiles started creating pollution and smog. High rising of petrol diesel in international market also thought people that petrol running automobile is far worse than electricity driven street rail. ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 10. Under this topic road infrastructure can be improve under this conditions, Grade or type separation, using bridges (or, less often, tunnels) freeing movements from having to stop for other crossing movements. congested motorway-type roadway. Reducing junctions (1) Providing through lanes that bypass junction on-ramp and off-ramp zones (Except highway access) (2) A grade access road, roads that limit the type and amounts of way along their lengths. REVERSIBLE TYPE LANES 11. Considering the day today, certain sections of highway operate in the opposite direction on different times of the day or days of the week. SEPARATE LANES 12. Separate lanes for specific user groups, Public bus ways, Pedestrians (High occupancy vehicle lane) URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 13. Urban planning and city planning (UDA/NHDA planning) practices can have a huge impact on levels of future traffic congestion, though they are of limited relevance for short-term change. Grid type plan (Interconnect system) including road network geometry, rather than tree-like system which reduce local traffic, but increase total distances driven and discourage walking by reducing connectivity. Zoning laws that encourage development under mixed type, which reduces distances between residential, commercial, and recreational destinations (and encourage cycling and walking) The development is residential and commercial areas designed to maximize access to public transport. THOUGHTS ON URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 14. A well-developed transportation system plays a great role for any country of the world to develop and it remains so for our country also. The country has developed up to a certain extent throughout the time but the transportation has not, to cater for the increasing demand. On our journey for development this has to be the primary area to be considered. It is not only a responsibility of the government but also depends on the attitude of the people. The government also has the responsibility to put a genuine effort for this other than going only for political achievements and thereby should give priority for the development of this area. 15. When I made the interview RDA and UDA expertise they are said that we have done researches and given most economical and the feasible methods to develop this area but we dont know how it is going to be done due to non availability of funds and facilities 16. The above economic analysis is carried out considering only the volume of transport savings based on a travel time survey at each flyover location. A comprehensive study could have been carried out to test the situation more accurately if the respective data sources had been available. 17. However, this is a good strategy for eliminating the delay at railway crossings as a long term consideration. Also the concrete flyovers across railways are more economical than the steel bridges constructed in a very short period. CHAPTER FIVE ANALYSIS 1. My Analysis was done in the area of Nugegoda, one of the closest towns to the Colombo city. Questionnaire was prepared and distributed among all age groups. The sample size is 40 personnel and all responded with their identity. Figure 01 2. My 2nd observation was made to find out how many people (from 40 personnel sample) are using flyovers and how often they use it. According to Figure 02 it has been observed that more than 65% persons are using flyovers daily and they feel the difference between the previous and the current situation of the time saving. Figure 02 3. My 3rd observation was made to find out who are the majority using this flyovers. It has been observed that there is more than 60% personnel are the users of public transports. Following details in Figure 03 were taken according to the observations made. Figure 03 4. My next observation shows in figure 04 and Figure 5, Average serving time per a journey Vs person. According to chart it says that the actual time period is very less comparing before situation. According to research 90% time saved. As a result air pollution, Diesel/petrol consumption, Police man power, Vehicle wastage etc minimize proportionally. Figure 04 Figure 5 Finally, during the research, my hypothesis was proved, because the majority stated that construction of flyovers where the traffic jammed areas are the best remedy for the issue. CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO OVERCOME THE CRISIS 1. In order to minimize the city traffic congestion, the authorities have only handful of options. The highly effective solutions practice in other countries as follows.. a. Controlling traffic using methodical light system, b. Directing traffic through one direction of the full carriageway. c. Controlling traffic with the aid of authorized personnel (police men) d. Construction of flyovers. In Sri Lanka the respective authorities has constructed six flyovers at highly congested areas in Colombo suburbs. These locations were selected according the statistical surveys carried out by the experts in this field. However, it is inevitable that this effort has not succeeded in few locations as anticipated. Hence, during this research, I developed an argument to justify that the construction of flyovers are the best remedy for this issue by obtaining the opinion from the general public as my target group. This is the target group for early surveys carried out by the RDA in conjunction with University of Moratuwa to justify the construction of flyovers in Colombo suburbs as well. 2. A well developed transportation system plays a great role for any country of the world. The country has developed up to a certain extent throughout the time but the transportation has not sufficient to cater for the increasing demand of Road network. The construction of many flyovers in our most needed area, responsibility of the government but also depends on the attitude of the people especially all drivers and pedestrians. The also should give their fullest support to the current rules and regulations. 3. During the research, my hypothesis was proved, because the majority stated that construction of flyovers where the traffic jammed areas are the best remedy for the issue. 4. After carrying out a survey and analyzing the data, the following are the details of identified benefits and summarized as follows. Avoids traffic congestion through segregation and priority Speedy shortens journey times Smooth no violent movements vertically, laterally, or backwards/forwards Comfortable Compatible with pedestrians in giving pedestrianised areas Reduces the capacity for accidents 5. Moreover in this survey and analyzing the data, the few limitation and barriers identified as follows; Complicated, and costly, due to the need for large physical structures and for maintenance Their height can be obtrusive. c. Require a significant engineering and time-consuming to construct. 6. It has come into the notice of the urban planers that in order to improve the transport system a multi modal approach should be made. All in all, the main focus is on the development of more roads and more effective mass transportation. Priority should be given to the commuter and his requirement for a safe problem free movement space. 7. Finally, according to collected primary/secondary data. Following actions can be taken to minimizing traffic jammed. Without any delay some facts are presently available and not to standard. Banning of All On-Street Parking for Vehicles in City Limits Traffic Signal Lights Introduction of Substitute Roads to Main Roads Widening of roads Restriction of Slow Moving Traffic and Heavy Vehicles During Rush Hours Separating Pedestrians from Active Traffic Flow Proper maintenance of roads- specially culvert and rainy period road situation required quickly repairing system Creating driving discipline presently available new driving licence card entering system Implementation of New Highways Connecting Main Cities of The Country Electronic Traffic Monitoring Systems for Main Cities specially actual road jammed persons rules violated persons capturing part Discouraging Individual Vehicles Entering Cities (Peak hours container, tractor etc) Bus Stands (Required up lift and move to main road) Construction Work (Required combined worked force (RDA/UDA/CEB/NWSDB) 8. During the last decades the country has developed immensely; therefore the alternative methods to control traffic congestion are highly essential because of the increasing of the vehicles. The government also has the responsibility to put a genuine effort for this other than going onl

Plagiarism Essay -- essays research papers

Plagiarism Part I: Relevant Important Term: Plagiarizing The english dictionary states several definitions of the word Plagiarize: 1) To steal or purloin from the writings of another; to appropriate without due acknowledgement (the ideas or expressions of another). 2) Take without referencing from someone else's writing or speech; of intellectual property 3) To put forth as original to oneself the ideas or words of another. The definition in the dictionary correspondes accurately with what I had defined for plagiarism. According to the definition, you do not commit plagiarism by simply using another person's idea or writing but it occurs only when you do not give acknowledgement or reference of where you acquired the information. There is a fine line between using another person's idea legally and illegally. The only difference between the two is whether or not you give credit to where you got your information. Plagiarizing is a crime and students may be failed in school or even expelled for committing plagiarism; On the other hand, with proper citation, incorporating other's ideas for the purpose of broadening our own knowledge as well as fulfilling requirements in projects such as research papers can be a great asset. Also, according to the third definition, you cannot turn in something that is mostly or entirely composed of someone else's work and call it your own simply because you cited it. You can not do this because As long as we are careful in giving credit to wh...

Through Deaf Eyes

THROUGH DEAF EYES is a two-hour documentary that explores 200 years of Deaf life in America. The film presents the shared experiences of American history – family life, education, work, and community connections from the perspective of deaf citizens , and Gallaudet University president emeritus I. King Jordan. The movie started by CJ Jones who is an actor & director. It’s gives me more information about the deaf culture & community by showing me the history of how Gallaudet, Laurent Clark & other great people brought sign language to the united stated states. The video let me appreciate the deaf culture more and understand it better. Deaf people suffered many hardships through the years but opportunities for them are growing more and more. The way hearing view Deaf culture is becoming more and more accepting. Parents of deaf children have to face many tough decisions on how to help their child succeed in life. I have learned some historical news about ASL like: Ninety percent of deaf children have hearing parents; thirty five million Americans have some hearing loss, 300,000 people are profound deaf out of the thirty five million, deafness can be heredity, accident, injury. After I watched the in the movie that how In 1817 Thomas Gallaudet opened the first deaf school with seven students, and Laurent Clark brought FSL and worked together for the school which gives me a better view that they really worked together to build ASL foundation. I didn’t liked that how they suffered because of one man believed that using signs didn’t allow deaf children to learn to speak and lip read. Like how the oral method grew up and deaf teachers and teaching ASL method declined. How deaf school was prevented from signing and using the oral method as well as forbade signing and forced them to speak, and even babies were taught rhythm. Speaking was two-way communications for someone who can lip-read and speak, so others don’t assume that they can hear. Many discriminated deaf people so; they made the NAD (National Association Of Deaf). A rule was made that the deaf couldn’t work for the government. The seventh president of NAD fought and won to repeal the world. He is probably the most famous NAD president. He spoke four languages and was a brilliant man. NAD began making movies to maintain sign language. Deaf across portrayed deaf & hearing characters because the movies were silence often-deaf characters were dumb and reason for laughter and comedy but at least deaf people could understand the movies. After, 1929, when movies were no longer silence and was a tragedy for the deaf. As schools spread, as well as signing, there were deaf teams they could defeat hearing teams, clubs and much more. However, tried to fix deafness and saw it was a problem. Charles Limbard flew â€Å"deaf flights† tried to cure deafness. Many parents turned to medicine to cure it, religion, and even by playing baseball. Really dislike how NAD banded Black people from attending deaf schools, which lasted for forty years. I liked their success when they achieve by establishing their own community and culture by sharing with other hearing people. Deaf people tried to focus on what they could do. If there was obstacle they usually came up with a solution on their own. There are now deaf churches so the could worship. For first ninety years telephones existence deaf people could not use it. Then the great technology in 1964, Robert Breck tried to invent a deaf telephone he was a deaf and a brilliant physicist. Then the teletypewriter worked in may of 1964. It spread as first in testing, type, in a new sense from the phone sound and after a few changes were made. TTY was a huge step and technology was working for the deaf world. Sign language made a huge impact in 1955 by deaf people thought signing was weird and different because of the way they were taught. National theater of the deaf began performing and signing for the hearing public too. More drama clubs for the deaf only performed for the deaf. In 1968, National Technological institute for the deaf was established. Finally a deaf actor was in a leading role sign language was used throughout the movie. Some critics thought Mark won the Oscar by sympathy. DPN (deaf president now) movement, there were three options: 1 hearing, 2 deaf. The hearing person was chosen. Protests began and they marched. Surprisingly, for seven days there was a protest. Student leaders rule the board refused to change their minds but had a public meeting when the new president came to the campus, the students blocked the entrances and wouldn’t budge 93% of population supported DPN. How after 9 hour meeting, board accepted all of their demands. A law was passed that made it illegal to discriminate against anyone with a disability and from now on, Gallaudet University will have a deaf president. The deaf community for many years has been discriminated and judge so cruel through out the history. By seeing this video now I learned how the deaf world could change their life. When I look at a deaf person or hard of hearing person, I look at them a lot different now than I did growing up. I found this to be very interesting. I can understand this because they want to be alert to say their goodbyes to their family. It is interesting how different cultures view this practice inside the United States as well as outside the United States. Through Deaf Eyes THROUGH DEAF EYES is a two-hour documentary that explores 200 years of Deaf life in America. The film presents the shared experiences of American history – family life, education, work, and community connections from the perspective of deaf citizens , and Gallaudet University president emeritus I. King Jordan. The movie started by CJ Jones who is an actor & director. It’s gives me more information about the deaf culture & community by showing me the history of how Gallaudet, Laurent Clark & other great people brought sign language to the united stated states. The video let me appreciate the deaf culture more and understand it better. Deaf people suffered many hardships through the years but opportunities for them are growing more and more. The way hearing view Deaf culture is becoming more and more accepting. Parents of deaf children have to face many tough decisions on how to help their child succeed in life. I have learned some historical news about ASL like: Ninety percent of deaf children have hearing parents; thirty five million Americans have some hearing loss, 300,000 people are profound deaf out of the thirty five million, deafness can be heredity, accident, injury. After I watched the in the movie that how In 1817 Thomas Gallaudet opened the first deaf school with seven students, and Laurent Clark brought FSL and worked together for the school which gives me a better view that they really worked together to build ASL foundation. I didn’t liked that how they suffered because of one man believed that using signs didn’t allow deaf children to learn to speak and lip read. Like how the oral method grew up and deaf teachers and teaching ASL method declined. How deaf school was prevented from signing and using the oral method as well as forbade signing and forced them to speak, and even babies were taught rhythm. Speaking was two-way communications for someone who can lip-read and speak, so others don’t assume that they can hear. Many discriminated deaf people so; they made the NAD (National Association Of Deaf). A rule was made that the deaf couldn’t work for the government. The seventh president of NAD fought and won to repeal the world. He is probably the most famous NAD president. He spoke four languages and was a brilliant man. NAD began making movies to maintain sign language. Deaf across portrayed deaf & hearing characters because the movies were silence often-deaf characters were dumb and reason for laughter and comedy but at least deaf people could understand the movies. After, 1929, when movies were no longer silence and was a tragedy for the deaf. As schools spread, as well as signing, there were deaf teams they could defeat hearing teams, clubs and much more. However, tried to fix deafness and saw it was a problem. Charles Limbard flew â€Å"deaf flights† tried to cure deafness. Many parents turned to medicine to cure it, religion, and even by playing baseball. Really dislike how NAD banded Black people from attending deaf schools, which lasted for forty years. I liked their success when they achieve by establishing their own community and culture by sharing with other hearing people. Deaf people tried to focus on what they could do. If there was obstacle they usually came up with a solution on their own. There are now deaf churches so the could worship. For first ninety years telephones existence deaf people could not use it. Then the great technology in 1964, Robert Breck tried to invent a deaf telephone he was a deaf and a brilliant physicist. Then the teletypewriter worked in may of 1964. It spread as first in testing, type, in a new sense from the phone sound and after a few changes were made. TTY was a huge step and technology was working for the deaf world. Sign language made a huge impact in 1955 by deaf people thought signing was weird and different because of the way they were taught. National theater of the deaf began performing and signing for the hearing public too. More drama clubs for the deaf only performed for the deaf. In 1968, National Technological institute for the deaf was established. Finally a deaf actor was in a leading role sign language was used throughout the movie. Some critics thought Mark won the Oscar by sympathy. DPN (deaf president now) movement, there were three options: 1 hearing, 2 deaf. The hearing person was chosen. Protests began and they marched. Surprisingly, for seven days there was a protest. Student leaders rule the board refused to change their minds but had a public meeting when the new president came to the campus, the students blocked the entrances and wouldn’t budge 93% of population supported DPN. How after 9 hour meeting, board accepted all of their demands. A law was passed that made it illegal to discriminate against anyone with a disability and from now on, Gallaudet University will have a deaf president. The deaf community for many years has been discriminated and judge so cruel through out the history. By seeing this video now I learned how the deaf world could change their life. When I look at a deaf person or hard of hearing person, I look at them a lot different now than I did growing up. I found this to be very interesting. I can understand this because they want to be alert to say their goodbyes to their family. It is interesting how different cultures view this practice inside the United States as well as outside the United States.

The Jewish Sabbath

The Jewish Sabbath Sabbath is a day of worship that the Jews observe. It falls on the seventh day of the week that falls on Saturdays. Observing Sabbath is one of the rules in the Ten Commandments given to the Abrahamic religions. The Jews observe the Sabbath on Saturday of every week. They observe it to show their respect to God on the day He rested after completion of creation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Jewish Sabbath specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From Friday evening until the end of Saturday, is considered a resting period and referred to as the Sabbath; believers are not expected to be committed with any other duty other than worshiping God. The idea of the Sabbath day follows the belief that when God was creating the universe, he worked for six day and rested on the seventh day; Christians thus imitate God as their belief requires. The Jews go to temples on the Sabbath day beginning from 9.00 am after having shared a meal the previous night in observance of the rest day. During the service, the Jews pray, recite biblical texts and sing songs of worship. A rabbi conducts the service. Men and women do not sit together during the service and thus there are separate pews for men and women. The men cover their heads using kippah- a small skullcap. Moreover, they recall the biblical account when Moses was given the Torah at the Mountain of Sinai. The Torah contains the commandment that requires them to rest on the seventh day just as God did after he finished creating the heavens and the earth. Through the observation of the Sabbath, the Jews get a sense of awe for God and his presence. Pathos shows that God is concerned about the welfare of human beings and the human beings show their appreciation for him through observation of rituals that acknowledge him such as keeping the Sabbath day holy as the Jews do to honor their God. The Jews have feelings of God’s need in their lives and through ob serving the Sabbath they show that they have reverence for him. Through the various rituals such as biblical recitations the Jews show that they are open to God and by observing the ritual they are redirect their attention to God. The Jews believe that man symbolizes God and his authority and thus have male Rabbis who lead the services. Women are not allowed to participate in the service apart from lighting candles on Friday evening in readiness for the Sabbath. They take advice from the male leadership in the temple and Jews who practice the traditional form of religion. The Jews gather in the temple together with their families and enjoy the day through leisurely activities that help them to reconnect and build strong bonds as they enjoy spending the day with their God. They feel that they are doing the right thing by setting apart time to be with people close to them and away from their daily activities.Advertising Looking for report on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The activities that the Jews are permitted to do on the Sabbath day should not amount to work because this is a day of rest. However, some unavoidable activities are permitted, as it is the logical thing to do, as they make the Sabbath day enjoyable and enhance the joy that the congregants gain from the worship day. Finally, conservative Jews do not allow women to become rabbis, as they believe that is a position reserved for the men due to patriarchy. Such kinds of Jews are very strict concerning this issue and the women are not allowed to perform any activity in the temple in place of men.

Internet Tools for Dirt Bikes

Internet Tools for Dirt Bikes Introduction In the contemporary business world, technology is imperative for business operations. With the alarming speed of globalization, a business has to advance its technology for survival in the market. Other than infrastructure, the internet is a key component of technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Tools for Dirt Bikes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The level of the technology that a company has impacts the profitability and the going concern of the business. In most business, spending on technology (both capital and operating expenses) takes a large proportion of the expenses reported in the statement of income and expenditure. Therefore, this necessitates a company to do a cost-benefit analysis of such expenses. Conventionally, the benefits should surpass costs. Besides, a company should ensure that it fully utilizes the resources available in order to improve efficiency. Expenses related to the internal and external communication of the organization should be reviewed from time to time in order to establish if benefits outweigh the costs incurred, or if the technology is not obsolete at the end of payback period of such investment. Management of Dirt Bikes, a company trading in motorcycles of different types, is concerned with the amount of money that has been spent on communication. This paper explores various internet tools that can be utilized by employees of Dirt Bikes to communicate and obtain information efficiently. The Intranet The Intranet is a secured internal or private network of an organization that connects all computers to ingress that access the internet. Development of intranet is based on the internet technology such as use of htp protocols. The intranet is restricted to an organization and its associates (customers, employees, members and suppliers among others), and is protected from unauthorized access with security systems and firewalls. Such security encryption puts a stop to abuses of the system like social networking, inapt use of web, among others. A major benefit that arises from use of the intranet is reduction in costs as a result of paperless environment. For instance, Dirt Bikes can put out most of the company’s documents such as policies, procedure manuals for the shops, and new rules through the intranet Web pages. This saves the company costs relating to printing, maintaining and circulating such documents. Also, the intranet makes it easy for communication across departments, for instance, manufacturing and production departments can rely on increased level of outputs to sales and marketing department so that they can clear stock items in anticipation of new products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Intranet can aid in improving coordination, conveying information relating to mai ntenance and giving information relating to production schedules by production department. Sales and marketing departments can get reports on sales and market surveys from the intranet. In human resources department, use of forms is made easy as they can be done paper free and transmitted quickly. Furthermore, information such as payroll documents, expense report requests, vacancies, staff benefits, employees’ handbooks among others can be posted for easy access by all employees (Laudon and Laudon, 2007). The intranet allows saving much time in Dirt Bikes because manual procedure of processing information is limited. Besides, it enhances collaboration across all departments as it ensures sharing corporate knowledge and support in the entire company. Finally, there is an overall improvement in productivity and effectiveness through faster, easier, more flexible and offers an open communication through rapid transmission and feedback and one-to-one, many-to-many dialogs. Produc tivity increase results in better learning and knowledge management facilities the intranet provides (Laudon and Laudon, 2007). Internet Tools for Dirt Bikes The Internet comes with numerous tools, applications and utilities which company can utilize in a day-to-day operations for communication, information exchange and interaction. Internet tools enable users who have client software to access storage of information on servers for a range of purposes which are more complex than just utility tasks. Some of the tools include; Server watch (avail information about the internet servers includes news, downloads, mail among others), FTP RFC, Telnet RFC, FTP planet, FTP Clients, World Wide Web, HTML Station, Usenet, RSS, VoIP, Groupware and VPN among others (Laudon and Laudon, 2007). The table below summarizes the internet tools that can be utilized in various departments of an organization. Table 1.0 Internet tool by departmentAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on In ternet Tools for Dirt Bikes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Department Tool Benefit Sales and marketing Groupware, WWW, HTML Station, VoIP, RSS, LISTSERV App. and VPN Cooperation, savings in cost, easy access to remote accounts, Human resources Groupware, WWW, HTML Station and VoIP Cooperation and savings in cost Manufacturing and Production Groupware, WWW, HTML Station, VoIP and VPN Cooperation, savings in cost, easy access to remote accounts, ability to access information on current technology among others. From the table presented above, we can deduce that the entire company will benefit from VoIP and Groupware. First, everybody uses e-mail. Besides, there can be savings in time and money when using electronic conferencing across departments. Sales teams can stay in touch with each other easily and cheaply using the instant messaging or chats. Also, production department will benefit from the wiki as designers or service depa rtment could collaborate by sharing new maintenance directives. Therefore, VoIP and Groupware make it easy and cost effective to communicate in and out of the business. The business can also consider using LISTSERV application which is mailing list management software. It allows users to create and maintain e-mail on their intranet or internet, including newsletter, discussion groups and direct marketing campaigns. This tool can be very important for marketing as the employees would have an easy access to the contacts of the customers (Laudon and Laudon, 2007). Wireless Network Wireless network allows for access to the internet without using net cable. Since security is a threat to this type of connection, passwords and firewalls are normally used. This connection is convenient as an employee do not need a cable connection. In the modern world, â€Å"there are numerous portable and pocketable devises used for voice and data processing or data transfer via wireless transmission medi a can connect to each other and communicate directly without the need for a cable† (Sikora, 2002). The wireless network is important in this aspect as it connects all these devices. Further, it leads to reduction in cost of cabling and efficient utilization of the office space (Sikora, 2002) Conclusion Technology is paramount in the current global business world. The Internet is a major platform for conducting businesses. Businesses are compelled to adjust their operations to match with the changing technologies due to fear they face. Generally, use of the internet and intranet is beneficial to business as it leads to reduction in cost of operation that arises from manual operation. Besides, it leads to time saving. The end results are improved efficiency and productivity of the employees of an organization. An organization should look for best internet tool which would best suite its organization. Dirt Bikes should consider using VoIP and Groupware as they would lead to a red uction in cost of communication both internal and external. In future, businesses will be bound to use wireless network which is convenient and uses office space economically.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Laudon, K. C. and Laudon, J. P. (2007). Using internet tools to increase efficiency and productivity. Essentials of Management Information System, (8), 300-410. Sikora A. (2002). Definition and restrictions. Wireless Personal and Local Area Networks, 2-3.